“... man is the measure of all things. Here is an affinity with the Sophists, not with the Platonists.”
(Viyana Çevresi "Manifesto"sundan) |
LİNK: VİYANA ÇEVRESİ
WISSENSCHAFTLICHE WELTAUFFASSUNG: DER WIENER KREIS (PDF)
THE VIENNA CIRCLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTION OF THE WORLD (PDF) |
| A priori Sentetik Önermelerin Yadsınması |
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| "Modern görgücülüğün temel savı tam olarak a priori sentetik bilginin olanağının reddedilmesinden oluşur. Bilimsel dünya-görüşü yalnızca her türden nesne üzerine deneyim önermelerini ve mantık ve matematiğin analitik önermelerini tanır." |
Gerade in der Ablehnung der Möglichkeit synthetischer Erkenntnis a priori besteht die Grundthese des modernen Empirismus. Die wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung kennt nur Erfahrungssätze über Gegenstände aller Art und die analytischen Sätze der Logik und Mathematik." |
"It is precisely in the rejection of the possibility of' synthetic knowledge a priori that the basic thesis of modern empiricism lies. The scientific world-conception knows only empirical statements about things of all kinds, and analytic statements of logic and mathematics." |
Bilimsel Dünya-Görüşü: Viyana Çevresi
Wissenschaftlihce Weltaffassung: Der Winer Kreis
The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle |
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| WISSENSCHAFTLICHE WELTAUFFASSUNG: DER WIENER KREIS (1929) |
| BİLİMSEL DÜNYA GÖRÜŞÜ (ya da DÜNYA KAVRAYIŞI): VİYANA ÇEVRESİ |
“ The new Russia
definitely is seeking for a scientific world conception, even if partly leaning on older
materialistic currents.”
(Viyana Çevresi "Manifesto"sundan) |
| Metafizik ve Tanrıbilim Yükseliştedir |
Many assert that metaphysical and theologising thought is again on the increase today, not only in life but also in science.
We find anti-metaphysical endeavours especially in England, where the tradition of the great empiricists is still alive; the investigations of Russell and Whitehead on logic and the analysis of reality have won international significance.
The new Russia definitely is seeking for a scientific world conception. |
“Its [Vienna’s] world of ideas stems from the enlightenment, from empiricism, utilitarianism and the free trade movement of England.”
(Viyana Çevresi "Manifesto"sundan) |
Its [Vienna's] world of ideas stems from the enlightenment, from empiricism, utilitarianism and the free trade movement of England.
Thanks to this spirit of enlightenment, Vienna has been leading in a scientifically oriented people’s education.
The activity of the physicists Mach and Boltzmann in a philosophical professorship ...
... in the field of political economy, too, there was in Vienna a strictly scientific method, used by the marginal utility school ( Carl Menger, 1871); |
“ For instance, endeavours
toward a new organization of economic and social relations, toward the unification of
mankind, toward a reform of school and education, all show an inner link with the
scientific world-conception.”
(Viyana Çevresi "Manifesto"sundan) |
| Uluslararası Devrim ve Çevre |
Viyana Çevresi bir devim olarak ortaya çıktı. Manifestosu ile, bir Bilimler Birliği programı ile, enternasyonal ilkesi ile amaç görgül bilimleri metafiziğin ve tanrıbilimin elinden kurtarmak, Birleşik Görgül Bilimler Cumhuriyeti gibi birşey kurmaktı. Bir süre sonra totaliter bir girişim olarak algılanmaya başladı.
Yükselmekte olan metafiziğe ve tanrıbilime karşı kendi üstüne düşen görevi yerine getirecek, pozitivistik güçlerine dayanarak idealizm ile kararlı bir savaşıma girişecekti. Avrupa Nazizmin eline geçince kavgayı ABD'de sürdürmek zorunda kaldı. Nazizmden kaçmasına karşın Soğuk Savaştan kaçamadı. Amerikan kültürü içinde depolitize oldu. Viyana Çevresi Bilim Felsefeciliğine başkalaştı. |
| Görgücülük bilginin deneyimden türediğini ileri sürer. Ama yalnızca ileri sürer. Nasıl türediği, evrensellerin deneyimden nasıl çıkarıldığı konusunda ancak masal anlatabilir.
“Mantıksal analiz” bir yöntem ise bilgi üretmek için bir yöntem olmalıdır. Ama bilgi deneyimden mantıksal analiz yoluyla mı üretilir? |
The Manifesto (1929)
(W.) It states the scientific world-conception of the Vienna Circle, which is characterized "essentially by two features. First it is empiricist and positivist: there is knowledge only from experience. Second, the scientific world-conception is marked by the application of a certain method, namely logical analysis." |
| Mantıksal analiz simgesel mantık yoluyla bir durulaştırma yöntemidir. ‘Durulaştırma’ işin sonu olarak görünür. |
Logical analysis is the method of clarification of philosophical problems; it makes an extensive use of symbolic logic and distinguishes the Vienna Circle empiricism from earlier versions. The task of philosophy lies in the clarification—through the method of logical analysis—of problems and assertions. |
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... Metaphysical statements ... are meaningless. Hence many philosophical problems are rejected as pseudo-problems which arise from logical mistakes, while others are re-interpreted as empirical statements and thus become the subject of scientific inquiries. |
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One source of the logical mistakes that are at the origins of metaphysics is the ambiguity of natural language. ... |
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Synthetic knowledge a priori is rejected by the Vienna Circle. Mathematics, which at a first sight seems an example of necessarily valid synthetic knowledge derived from pure reason alone, has instead a tautological character, that is its statements are analytical statements, thus very different from Kantian synthetic statements. The only two kinds of statements accepted by the Vienna Circle are synthetic statements a posteriori (i.e., scientific statements) and analytic statements a priori (i.e., logical and mathematical statements). |
| VİYANA ÇEVRESİNİN METAFİZİĞE KARŞI SAVAŞIMI AYNI ZAMANDA POLİTİK, TOPLUMSAL VE EKONOMİK SAVAŞIMDIR |
.... the struggle between metaphysics and scientific world-conception is not only a struggle between different kinds of philosophies, but it is also—and perhaps primarily—a struggle between different political, social, and economical attitudes. |
