Moğol İmparatorluğu (2)

CKM 2018-19 / Aziz Yardımlı


 
 

Moğol İmparatorluğu (Sayfa 2)




Timeline of the Mongol Empire

Timeline of the Mongol Empire (W)

12th century

1160s

Year Date Event
1162 Temüjin is born in Delüün Boldog near Burkhan Khaldun to the Mongol chieftain Yesugei and Hoelun


Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200 (Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD).


1170s

Year Date Event
1170 Yesugei takes Temüjin east through Tatar territory to the Khongirad homeland to arrange a future marriage between his son and Börte. Temüjin stays with the Khongirads to learn their ways, however Yesugei is poisoned by the Tatars during his return trip. Temüjin leaves Börte for his father, but arrives too late to see his father alive. His father's followers scatter and Hoelun is left to care for their children by herself. She takes them to the Khentii Mountains, where they live for several years.
1173 Temüjin becomes anda, blood brothers, with Jamukha of the Jajirad (Jadaran) clan


1180s

Year Date Event
1184 Temüjin leaves to claim Börte. Börte's father gives him a black sable cloak as dowry, which he later gives to Toghrul of the Keraites to gain his favor. Soon after the Merkits abduct Börte and Temüjin flees. Several months later Temüjin assembles an allied force of over 20,000 with his ally Toghrul and sworn blood brother Jamukha, who attack the Merkits and rescue Börte.
1185 Mongols gather at Burkhan Khaldun to throw their support behind Temüjin in fear of the rising power of Jamukha
1187 Temüjin allies himself with the Khongirad to wage war on the Tatars. His blood brother Jamukha refuses to acknowledge his leadership and wages war on him. They clash at the Battle of the Thirteen Wings, which ends inconclusively. However Jamukha's rash and vindictive behavior towards his allies alienates him.

1190s

Year Date Event
1192 Jin dynasty starts constructing fortifications in the northwest to prevent depredations by the Mongols
1196 Jin and Mongol troops carry out a punitive expedition against the Tatars

13th century

1200s

Year Date Event
1201 Mongols opposing Temüjin promote Jamukha to gür-khan
1202 Mongols exterminate the Tatars
1203 Temüjin splits with Toghrul
spring The Keraites defeat Temüjin at Qalaqaljid Sands
autumn Temüjin defeats Toghrul at Jeje'er Heights
Temüjin creates the Kheshig, an elite military guard
1204 Temüjin defeats the Naimans, Merkits, and Jamukha; Merkit leaders and Jamukha flee to the Altai Mountains
fall Temüjin pursues Jamukha and defeats him in several battles. Eventually Jamukha's allies betray him and turn him over to Temüjin, who kills him by breaking his back.
The Uyghurs and Ongud submit to Temüjin
1205 spring Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Temüjin of the Mongols raids Western Xia's border settlements
1206 spring Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols
1207 Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Genghis Khan sacks Wulahai, a Western Xia garrison along the Yellow River near modern Wuyuan
Jochi subjugates the 'forest peoples' - Kyrgyz, Oirat, and Buryat
1208 Toq'toa Beki of the Merkits is killed by Mongols and Uyghurs
1209 autumn Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Genghis Khan penetrates Western Xia from Wulahai and defeats a Tangut army before laying siege to Zhongxing, however the Mongols accidentally flood their own camp in the process of breaking the Yellow River dikes and are forced to retreat
Qocho, Qayaligh, and Almaliq submit to Genghis Khan; Almaliq and the Issyk-Kul region given to Chagatai

1210s

Year Date Event
1210 Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia submits to the Mongol Empire and hands over a daughter in marriage to Genghis Khan as well as a large supply of camels, falcons, and woven textiles; a Mongol garrison is left at Wulahai
Kokochu is killed by Qasar in a wrestling match
1211 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai invade Inner Mongolia
October Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jebe takes Juyong Pass from the Jin dynasty
winter Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Mongol forces retreat from Jin territory
Karluks rebel against the Qara Khitai and defect to the Mongol Empire
1212 February Battle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan and Muqali crush the Jin army led by Wanyan Jiujin, Duji Sizhong, and Hushahu
1213 5 January Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jebe takes the Eastern Capital
July–August Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Genghis Khan crushes a Jin army led by Zhuhu Gaoqi
autumn Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai ravage Hebei and Shanxi
November Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Genghis Khan and Jebe pass through the Zijing Gap
1214 31 March Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Genghis Khan lays siege to the Central Capital
11 May Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jin dynasty becomes a tributary and agrees to hand over a daughter of the previous emperor; the Mongols lift the siege
July Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Khitan and Tatar defectors lay siege to the Central Capital
December Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Muqali wipes out Jin centers in Liaoning and southern Manchuria
1215 31 May Battle of Zhongdu: Mongol Empire takes the Central Capital and places the Khitan Shimo Ming'an and Jabar Khoja in charge of the city
23 September Kublai is born to Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki
1216 Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai: Jebe seizes Kashgar from the Qara Khitai and Kuchlug flees
Subutai raids the Kipchaks
1217 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Genghis Khan appoints Muqali as viceroy of North China and leaves for Mongolia
Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Muqali removes Jin presence in the steppes
1218 autumn Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively
winter Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: A Muslim merchant delegation sent by Genghis Khan arrives at Otrar and the governor Inalchuq kills them, seizing their goods for himself; a sole survivor reaches Mongolia and alerts Genghis, who sends three more envoys to demand custody of Inalchuq - they are also killed
Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongol Empire lays siege to Zhongxing and Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia flees west; his son and officials make peace with the Mongols
Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai: Shepherds in Badakhshan capture Kuchlug and hand him over to Jebe, who beheads him; so ends the Qara Khitai
1219 January Goryeo becomes a tributary of the Mongol Empire
fall Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana
Western Xia refuses to send auxiliaries for the Mongol Empire's western campaigns

1220s

Year Date Event
1220 15 February Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Bukhara and places Yelü Ahai in control of Transoxiana
16 March Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Samarkand and Muhammad II of Khwarezm flees to Nishapur; Genghis Khan dispatches Jebe and Subutai to destroy the sultan
May Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jebe and Subutai take Balkh and capture Muhammad II of Khwarezm's mother Terken Khatun and family in the Zagros Mountains
winter Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm dies
1221 March Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Tolui destroys Merv
April Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat
spring Battle of Parwan: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu defeats a Mongol army led by Shikhikhutug in the Hindu Kush
Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Termez
Siege of Bamyan (1221): Genghis Khan takes Bamyan; Chagatai's son Mutukan dies in the process
November Battle of Indus: Genghis Khan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who swims across the Indus River and escapes
1222 Subutai and Jebe conquer the Kuban steppe and crush the Cumans
1223 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Muqali dies and the Mongol Empire loses control of Henan, central Shaanxi, and southeast Shandong
spring Genghis Khan returns to Mongolia
31 May Battle of the Kalka River: Subutai and Jebe defeat the forces of Mstislav Mstislavich, Mstislav III of Kiev, Daniel of Galicia, Mstislav II Svyatoslavich, and Köten before sacking Novhorod-Siverskyi and heading back to Mongolia
Mongol Empire sacks Sudak
1224 Bulgars ambush Subutai and Jebe near Saqsin
Goryeo stops paying tribute
1226 February Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongol Empire seizes Khara-Khoto from Western Xia and sack cities across the Gansu Corridor
November Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongol Empire sacks Lingzhou
4 December Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Genghis Khan crosses the Yellow River and defeats a Tangut relief column
1227 September Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia
Jochi dies and is succeeded by his son Batu Khan
August Genghis Khan dies near the Jing River and Tolui becomes regent
1229 13 September Ögedei Khan is elected ruler of the Mongol Empire at a kurultai near the Kherlen River
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Sunitay and Kukedey attack Bulgar outposts on the Ural River

1230s

Year Date Event
1230 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Doqolqu and Subutai attack Tong Pass and are defeated by Wanyan Heda
autumn Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Ögedei Khan and Tolui take Fengxiang
1231 August Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Chormaqan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who escapes only to be killed by some random Kurd; so ends the Khwarazmian dynasty
Mongol invasions of Korea: Sartai subjugates Goryeo, however the Mongol overseers are immediately killed afterwards
"Thunder crash bombs" are employed by Jin troops in destroying a Mongol warship.
1232 spring Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Tolui invades Henan and Ögedei Khan pushes through the Tong Pass
13 February Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Tolui kills Wanyan Heda
8 April Mongol siege of Kaifeng: Subutai lays siege to Kaifeng
Mongol invasions of Korea: Sartai heads back to Goryeo and dies from an arrow
Mongol invasions of Georgia: Chormaqan subjugates Azerbaijan
Tolui is struck by sickness and dies
Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Reusable fire lance barrels made of durable paper are employed by Jin troops during the Mongol siege of Kaifeng.
1233 5 March Mongol siege of Kaifeng: Kaifeng surrenders
December Siege of Caizhou: Mongol Empire lays siege to Caizhou
1234 9 February Siege of Caizhou: Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomes Emperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by the Mongols; so ends the Jin dynasty
Ögedei Khan announces his plans to conquer Goryeo, the Song dynasty, and Cumania
1235 Ögedei Khan constructs Karakorum
1236 Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Subutai destroys Bolghar and takes Saqsin
Mongol invasions of Georgia: Chormaqan subjugates Georgia and Armenia
1237 21 December Siege of Ryazan: Batu, Orda, Güyük, and Möngke sack Ryazan and Suzdal
Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui Province).
1238 4 March Battle of the Sit River: Mongol Empire kills Yuri II of Vladimir
spring Siege of Kozelsk: Batu struggles to take Kozelsk for two months before Kadan and Büri take it in three days
Mongol Empire conquers Crimea
1239 3 March Mongol invasion of Rus': Mongol Empire sacks Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi
18 October Mongol invasion of Rus': Mongol Empire sacks Chernihiv

1240s

Year Date Event
1240 6 December Siege of Kiev (1240): Mongol Empire sacks Kiev, Halych, and Vladimir-Suzdal
Mongol invasions of Tibet: Doorda Darkhan sacks Reting Monastery
1241 9 April Battle of Legnica: Orda defeats the combined force of Henry II the Pious, Mieszko II the Fat, Sulisław of Cracow, and Boleslaus Děpoltic
11 April Battle of Mohi: Boroldai and Subutai defeat a combined army from the Kingdom of Hungary, Croatia, and Knights Templar
December Mongol invasion of Europe: Kadan crosses the Danube
11 December Ögedei Khan dies on a hunting trip after lengthy drinking and his wife Töregene Khatun becomes regent
1242 Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol Empire forces Bulgaria to pay tribute
spring Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol forces retreat after receiving news of Ögedei Khan's death; Batu Khan stays at the Volga River and his brother Orda Khan returns to Mongolia
Mongol invasions of Anatolia: Mongols take Erzurum
Chagatai Khan dies and his grandson Qara Hülegü succeeds him
1243 26 June Battle of Köse Dağ: Baiju defeats Kaykhusraw II and subjugates the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1244 The Ayyubid dynasty gives tribute to the Mongols
Badr al-Din Lu'lu' of Mosul submits to the Mongol Empire
1246 Temüge tries to seize the throne without a kurultai but fails
24 August Güyük Khan is elected ruler of the Mongol Empire at a kurultai on the Kherlen River
Güyük Khan appoints Yesü Möngke as head of the Chagatai Khanate
1248 20 April Güyük Khan dies on his way to confront Batu Khan and his wife Oghul Qaimish becomes regent

1250s

Year Date Event
1251 1 July Möngke Khan is elected ruler of the Mongol Empire at a kurultai in the Khentii Mountains
fall Möngke Khan places his brothers Hulagu Khan and Kublai Khan in charge of West Asia and China, respectively
Möngke Khan appoints Qara Hülegü as head of the Chagatai Khanate, who dies soon after, and his wife Orghana becomes regent for her young son Mubarak Shah
1252 summer Möngke Khan places Kublai Khan in charge of the invasion of the Dali Kingdom and Hulagu Khan the invasion of the middle east
fall Mongol forces depart from Shanxi and reach the Tao River
Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Mongol forces under the Chinese general Wang Dechen advance into Sichuan and occupy Lizhou
Kublai Khan advances with the main force towards the Dali Kingdom
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo set off from Venice for China
Mongol invasions of Tibet: Qoridai invades Tibet as far as Dangquka
1253 Kublai Khan's forces set up headquarters on the Jinsha River in western Yunnan and march on Dali in three columns
September Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Mongol forces occupy Lizhou
Kublai Khan meets Phagpa Lama and promotes the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism
1254 January The Dali Kingdom is conquered, although its dynasty remains in power, and the king, Duan Xingzhi, is later invested with the title of Maharajah by Möngke Khan; so ends the Dali Kingdom
winter Kublai Khan returns to Mongolia and leaves Subutai's son Uryankhadai in charge of campaigns against local Yi tribes
Kublai Khan starts building an independent power base in Henan and Jingzhao where Chinese-style government is implemented
Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Mongol raids on the northern Song border intensify
Mongol invasions of Korea: Jalairtai Qorchi plunders Goryeo
1255 Mongol invasions of Korea: Mongol Empire takes Sinuiju and attacks coastal islands
Batu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Sartaq Khan, who dies soon after, and then Ulaghchi
1256 summer Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Möngke Khan declares war on the Song dynasty, citing imprisonment of Mongol envoys as casus belli
20 November Hulagu Khan takes Alamut from the Assassins
Mongols defeat Kaykaus II at Aksaray and enthrone Kilij Arslan IV
Daniel of Galicia expels Mongol garrisons from his territory
Kublai Khan constructs a capital north of the Luan River
1257 Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, pacifies Yunnan and returns to Gansu
winter Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Uriyangkhadai returns to Yunnan and invades the Trần dynasty of Đại Việt
Möngke Khan launches an investigation into Kublai Khan's activities and subjects officials in Henan and Shanxi to interrogation, executes Kublai's chief pacification officer in Shanxi, and imposes large levies on Shanxi
Ulaghchi dies and Berke, a Muslim, succeeds him
1258 17 January Siege of Baghdad (1258): Hulagu Khan sends a Mongol contingent across the Tigris River which suffers a defeat against Aybak
18 January Siege of Baghdad (1258): Baiju floods the enemy camp and attacks, driving them back
29 January Siege of Baghdad (1258): Hulagu Khan lays siege to Baghdad
1 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongol siege weapons breach Baghdad's Ajami tower
3 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongol forces take Baghdad's walls
10 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Al-Musta'sim, his sons, and 3,000 dignitaries surrender
13 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongols sack Baghdad and Hulagu Khan takes the title of Ilkhan, meaning "obedient khan"
20 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Al-Musta'sim and his family are executed
Kublai Khan returns to Mongolia to placate his brother
spring Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Möngke Khan's forces reach Gansu
Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Đại Việt recognizes Mongol suzerainty and Trần Thái Tông sends his son as hostage to the imperial court
March Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Mongols capture Chengdu
Buqa Temür takes Wasit
fall Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Möngke Khan's forces reach Lizhou
Mongol invasions of Korea: Wonjong of Goryeo goes to the Mongol court as hostage
1259 January Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Möngke Khan's forces take Yazhou
February Siege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan's forces lay siege to Diaoyu Fortress
July Siege of Diaoyu Castle: Möngke Khan calls off the siege of Diaoyu Fortress
August Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Taghachar attacks Huainan
12 August Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Möngke Khan dies from dysentry or a wound inflicted by a Song trebuchet, forcing Mongol campaigns throughout Eurasia and China to come to a halt
September Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Kublai Khan's forces cross the Yangtze and lays siege to Ezhou, however he receives news of Möngke Khan's death and Ariq Böke's mobilization, forcing hm to withdraw and deal with his brother
Wonjong of Goryeo goes back to Goryeo to become ruler - henceforth becoming a Mongol tributary
Second Mongol invasion of Poland: Berke and Boroldai invade Poland and Daniel of Galicia flees, however his sons and brother Vasilko of Galicia join the Mongols to plunder Lithuania and Polish territories
Golden Horde elements in Bukhara rebel and Alghu suppresses them

1260s

Year Date Event
1260 January Hulagu Khan takes Aleppo from An-Nasir Yusuf; so ends the Ayyubid dynasty
The Principality of Antioch submits to the Mongol Empire
2 February Sack of Sandomierz (1260): Berke and Boroldai sack Sandomierz
5 May Kublai Khan convenes a kurultai at Kaiping, which elects him as ruler of the Mongol Empire; so ends the centralized Mongol Empire
May Toluid Civil War: Ariq Böke proclaims himself great khan of the Mongol Empire at Karakorum
6 June Hulagu Khan receives news of Möngke Khan's death and retreats to Ahlat
26 July Battle of Ain Jalut: Qutuz of the Mamluks advance into Palestine and drive the Mongols from Gaza
spring Hulagu Khan's son Yoshmut and commander Elege of the Jalayir take Mayyafaraqin and Mardin
August Kitbuqa sacks Sidon
3 September Battle of Ain Jalut: Qutuz of the Mamluks defeats Mongol forces under Kitbuqa and push them back to the Euphrates
10 December First Battle of Homs: Baibars defeats a Mongol expedition into Syria
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan
Toluid Civil War: Alghu, a grandson of Chagatai Khan, deposes Mubarak Shah, an appointee to the Chagatai Khanate of the Mongol Empire
Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Kublai Khan's envoy Hao Jing proposes that the Song dynasty acknowledge Kublai as Son of Heaven in return for autonomy and gets jailed
Kublai Khan appoints Drogön Chögyal Phagpa as Imperial Preceptor
Ajall Shams al-Din Omar, from Bukhara, is appointed a commissioner of a district in north China
Kublai Khan issues three currencies but the paper chao, backed by silver, prevails; total value of paper money amounts to 73,352 silver ingots
1261 Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Kublai Khan sends funds to Li Tan of Shandong to make war on the Song dynasty
Franks with blonde hair visit Kublai Khan's court at Shangdu
Badr al-Din Lu'lu' dies and his son Malik Salih kills all the Christians, causing a rebellion in Mosul and Cizre
1262 22 February Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Mongol-allied warlord of Shandong, Li Tan, defects to the Song dynasty
August Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Kublai Khan's Chinese generals Shi Tianze and Shi Chu crush Li Tan's forces and capture him; Li Tan is trampled to death by horses
summer Rebellions in Mosul and Cizre are suppressed
November Hulagu Khan kills his vizier Saif-ud-Din Bitigchi and replaces him with Shams al-Din Juvayni
Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan
Hulagu Khan gives Khorasan and Mazandaran to his son Abaqa and Azerbaijan to his other son Yoshmut
Kublai Khan prohibits nomads' animals from roaming on farmlands
Kublai Khan appoints Ahmad Fanakati to the Central Secretariat to direct state finances
1263 13 January Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River
Kublai Khan reestablishes the Privy Council to oversee the Imperial Bodyguards and Kheshig
1264 Toluid Civil War: Kublai Khan defeats Ariq Böke
Kublai Khan founds the Supreme Control Commission to administer Tibet and Buddhists
Mongol invasion of Thrace: Berke attacks Thrace and secures the release of Kayqubad II
1265 8 February Hulagu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Abaqa Khan
Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: Song dynasty and Mongol forces clash in Sichuan
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo arrive at Kublai Khan's court
1266 9 July Kublai Khan appoints his son Nomukhan Beiping Wang (prince of the pacification of the north)
Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur
Alghu dies and is succeeded by Mubarak Shah, who is deposed by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
Kublai Khan orders the construction of Daidu, known to the Chinese as Dadu, or Khanbalikh to the Turks
1267 Drikung Kagyu rebels against the Supreme Control Commission and Kublai Khan dispatches forces to crush them
Kublai Khan orders the construction of an Imperial Ancestral Temple
Kublai Khan designates Xu Heng as chancellor of the Guozijian
Mengu-Timur grants Genoa Caffa
1268 Battle of Xiangyang: Mongol forces under Aju lay siege to Xiangyang
The rebellion in Tibet is suppressed and Drogön Chögyal Phagpa is reinstated along with a Mongol pacification commissioner
Kublai Khan creates the "General Administration for the Supervision of Ortogh" (Muslim merchant association) to lend money at low interest to the ortogh
1269 Kaidu–Kublai war: Kaidu, a grandson of Ögedei Khan, rebels against Kublai Khan
Sambyeolcho Rebellion: Im Yeon engineers a coup against Wonjong of Goryeo and Kublai Khan sends 3,000 troops to vanquish the rebels and reinstate Wonjong
Golden Horde assists Vladimir-Suzdal in evicting the Germans from Narva
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa invents the 41 letter 'Phags-pa script, which Kublai Khan designates as the state script
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo return to Europe

1270s

Year Date Event
1270 Mongol invasions of Tibet: Mongol forces crush the rebellion in Tibet and implement regular administration
Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate invades the Ilkhanate but suffers defeat
Kublai Khan founds the Institute of Muslim Astronomy
1271 Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq dies and Kaidu takes control of the Chagatai Khanate, installing Negübei as puppet khan
Kublai Khan declares himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and for the first time, annual sacrifices at the altars of Soil and Grain are done in the Chinese style; so ends the unified Mongol Empire



The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300. The gray area is the later Timurid empire.

 




Timeline of Mongolian history

Timeline of Mongolian history

3rd century BC

Year Date Event
215 Qin armies evict Xiongnu nomadic tribes from their pastures on the Yellow River in the Ordos Loop. Xiongnu leader Touman forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau
209 Modu Chanyu found the Xiongnu Empire. These nomadic peoples would inhabit the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE.
203 Xiongnu launch second war against the Yuezhi, seizing a large swath of Yuezhi territory (modern day Xinjiang).
200 At the Battle of Baideng, Emperor Gaozu of Han was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture.

2nd century BC

Year Date Event
198 Modu Chanyu and the emperor Gaozu of China’s Han dynasty sign a peace treaty, recognizing equality of the Xiongnu.
176 Modu Chanyu leads a Xiongnu invasion of the Gansu region and soundly defeats last remnants of the Yuezhi, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions.
174 Death of Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu.
133 The Battle of Mayi, an abortive ambush operation by Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi) against the invading Xiongnu forces, begins a decades-long Han Dynasty offensive against the nomads
119 The Battle of Mobei, Han forces invade the northern regions of the Gobi Desert forcing the Xiongnu to flee into Siberia. After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from the Ordos Desert and Qilian Mountains.

1st century BC

Year Date Event
71 Various tribes invade the Xiongnu territory from all fronts; Wusun from the west, Dingling from the north, Wuhuan from the east, and Han forces from the south.
60 Xiongnu civil war as factions fight for power following the death of Xulüquanqu, the 12th Chanyu
53 The southern Xiongnu surrender and become tributaries to the Han after splitting into northern and southern dynasties.
36 At the Battle of Zhizhi General Chen Tang and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan)

1st century AD

Year Date Event
49 Tsi Yung, allied with the Wuhuan and Xianbei, attacked the northern Xiongnu kingdom. Xianbei move into Xiongnu territory.
93 The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by the Xianbei and the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects.

2nd century AD

Year Date Event
147 The Xianbei, who gain strength beginning from the 1st century CE, are consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai.
167 The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion of the Han dynasty.
180 The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China.

3rd century AD

Year Date Event
235 The last khagan of the Xianbei, Kebineng, is assassinated by Cao Wei, successor state of the Eastern Han (25–220). The Xianbei state disintegrates into a number of smaller independent domains (Murong, Tuoba, Khitan people, Shiwei, and Rouran Khaganate).

4th century AD

Year Date Event
330 A branch of the Xianbei, the Rouran (also known as Nirun) establish a powerful nomadic empire over modern day Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, part of Gansu, northern Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, parts of Northeast China and southern Siberia.

5th century AD

Year Date Event
402 Yujiulü Shelun assumes the title of Khagan, landmarking the establishment of the state of the Rouran Khaganate.

6th century AD

Year Date Event
555 The Göktürks join the Western Wei, successor state of the Northern Wei, to defeat the Rouran.
570 The Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties begin paying tribute to the Göktürks.
584 The Göktürks Empire, which stretches west to Crimea, is partitioned into Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates. Eastern Turk Göktürks recognize Sui dynasty Suzerainty.

7th century AD

Year Date Event
615 Turkic Khaganate revolts against Emperor of Sui and besiege the command seats at present-day Daixian in Shanxi
630 27 March A Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeats the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan
648 A reunited China—under the Tang dynasty (618-906) destroys the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi and establishes the Anbei Protectorate in the Mongolian Steppes. Uyghurs khagan are installed as Anbei protector.
682 Ilterish Qaghan (682-91) founds the Second Turkic Khaganate by uniting the tribes and subjugating the nine Turkic tribes of the Toquz Oghuz (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes, Basmyls and Karluks to the west. He would later defeat Chinese armies and raid China.
691 Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brother Qapaghan Qaghan.
696 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty.

8th century AD

Year Date Event
711 Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Turgesh
742 The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate
745 The Uyghurs kill the last khagan of the Göktürks, Baimei Kagan Cooloon bey, and sent his head to the Tang.
756 Uyghur Bayanchur Khan aids Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty against the An Lushan rebellion. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking Chang'an and Luoyang in 757.
758 Uyghurs destroy several northern Yenisei Kyrgyz trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan

9th century AD

Year Date Event
840 The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the Yenisei Kirghiz and the Karluks to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz

10th century AD

Year Date Event
907 Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty which covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers Kherlen, Tuul and Orkhon.
925 The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Yellow River.
944 Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of the Jin.
947 Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China. The Khitan state is named the Liao dynasty
951 7 October Emperor Shizong of Liao is murdered by a relative and is succeeded by Yelü Jing, son of Emperor Taizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Muzong of Liao
960 February Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou
964 Liao dynasty assists Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty
969 12 March Emperor Muzong of Liao is murdered by his attendants and is succeeded by Yelü Xian, son of Emperor Shizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Jingzong of Liao
979 Liao dynasty attempts to assist Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty but is defeated at the Battle of Gaoliang River
980 13 October Emperor Jingzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Longxu succeeds him as Emperor Shengzong of Liao; Empress Xiao Yanyan becomes regent
983 The Liao dynasty reverts to calling itself the Khitans
993 First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo and acquire nominal tributary status over Goryeo

11th century AD

Year Date Event
1004 Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate and the Chanyuan Treaty, an agreement to an annual payment of silk and silver from the Song to the Khitans
1009 Empress Xiao Yanyan dies
1010 Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Mokjong of Goryeo is murdered by Gang Jo and the Khitans send an expedition to punish him; Gang Jo is killed
1018 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo but are defeated
1019 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans prepares another army to attack Goryeo
1031 25 June Emperor Shengzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Zongzhen succeeds him as Emperor Xingzong of Liao; Empress Xiao Noujin becomes regent
1055 28 August Emperor Xingzong of Liao dies and is succeeded by his son Yelü Hongji, who becomes Emperor Daozong of Liao. All officials are required to wear Chinese court dress
1066 Khitans revert to calling their state the Liao dynasty
1082 Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent of livestock and horses
1093 Mogusi of the Zubu and the Dilie tribes of western Heilongjiang raid the Liao dynasty

12th century AD

Year Date Event
1101 12 February Emperor Daozong of Liao dies and his grandson Yelü Yanxi succeeds him as Emperor Tianzuo of Liao
1117 Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty
1122 Emperor Tianzuo of Liao flees the Southern Capital and his uncle Yelü Chun is declared emperor of Northern Liao, however he dies three months later and the title is passed down to Yelü Ding, the son in hiding with his father the emperor also in hiding; real power goes to Empress Dowager Xiao Defei
1129 Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes
1130 Yelü Dashi leaves the Orkhon River with 20,000 followers and travels to the Kingdom of Qocho where the ruler welcomes him
1131 summer Yelü Dashi attacks the Karakhanids at Kashgar but is repelled
1141 9 September Battle of Qatwan: Yelü Dashi annihilates the army of Ahmad Sanjar of the Seljuk Empire and vassalizes the Khwarazmian dynasty
1143 Yelü Dashi dies and his wife Xiao Tabuyan succeeds him as regent
1151 Yelü Yilie, son of Yelü Dashi, becomes gurkhan of the Qara Khitai
c. 1162 Temüjin (the future Genghis Khan) is born in the Khentii mountains of today's Mongolia.
1186 7 November Ögedei Khan, third son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan) is born.
1189 Temüjin becomes Khan of the Khamag Mongol.

13th century

Year Date Event
1205 Temüjin unites all nomadic tribes who settled around at Baikal Lake to China's Great Wall.
1206 Temüjin given the title Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khaan), first Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire.
1215 23 September Kublai Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, is born.
1227 18 August Genghis Khan, 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies in Western Xia during the fall of Yinchuan aged c. 65.
1229 13 September Ögedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan, becomes second Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
1241 11 December Ögedei Khan, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 55.
1243 Zhenjin, second son of Kublai Khan and later founder of the Yuan dynasty, is born.
1246 24 August Güyük Khan, eldest son of Ögedei Khan and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes third Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
1248 20 April Güyük Khan, third Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 42.
1251 1 July Möngke Khan, eldest son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
1259 11 August Möngke Khan, fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 50.
1260 5 May Kublai Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. However, the Toluid Civil War begins as various members of the Tolui family line fight for the title of Khagan resulting in the division of the Mongol Empire.
1268 The Kaidu–Kublai war breaks out, which lasts until 1301 and deepens the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. All later Khagans of the Mongol Empire were nominal due to the empire's division.
1269 Birth of the 'Phags-pa script, designed by Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan.
1271 Kublai Khan officially proclaims the founding of the Yuan dynasty with himself as first emperor. Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) named the dynasty's capital.
1273 Zhenjin designated Crown Prince by Kublai Khan.
1294 18 February Death of Kublai Khan (aged 78). By this time the Mongol Empire had already fractured into four khanates: the Yuan dynasty based in China, the Golden Horde based in Russia, the Chagatai Khanate based in Central Asia, and the Ilkhanate based in Iran, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan.
1294 10 May Temür Khan, son of Crown Prince Zhenjin and grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes sixth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and second emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
1295 Enthronement of Ilkhan Ghazan. Islamization of the Ilkhanate.

14th century

Year Date Event
1304 A peace among the Mongol khanates establishs the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the three western khanates (the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate). However, the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed.
1307 21 June With the death of Temür Khan (aged 41), Külüg Khan, first son of Darmabala and Dagi of the Khunggirad clan, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes seventh Khagan of the Mongol Empire and third Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1311 7 April Külüg Khan dies (aged 29). Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, second son of Darmabala and Dagi of the Khunggirat, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes eighth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fourth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1313 Enthronement of Öz Beg Khan. Islamization of the Golden Horde.
1315 Revival of the imperial examination system within the Yuan dynasty under Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan.
1320 19 April Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan dies (aged 34), Gegeen Khan, eldest son of Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan and Radnashiri, becomes ninth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fifth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1323 4 October Death of Gegeen Khan (aged 20). Yesün Temür, son of Gammala, grandson of Zhenjin and great grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes tenth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and sixth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1328 October With the death of Yesün Temür (aged 34), Ragibagh Khan, eldest son of Yesün Temür, becomes 11th Khagan of the Mongol Empire at the age of 7-8 and designated seventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty before being deposed in a coup before his succession.
1328 16 October Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, second son of Khayishan, becomes 12th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eighth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. The War of the Two Capitals begins. His forces defeated, Ragibagh Khan disappears or dies at the age of 7-8, possibly murdered.
1329 27 February Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür abdicates and his elder brother Khutughtu Khan Kusala becomes 13th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and ninth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. However, he dies on August 30 at age 28, four days after a banquet with brother Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, presumed to have been poisoned. Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür regaines the throne on September 8.
1332 23 October With the death of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (aged 28), Rinchinbal Khan, second son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala, becomes 14th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and tenth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at the age of six.
1333 19 July Rinchinbal Khan dies nine months later (aged 6), Toghon Temür, (1320-1370) eldest son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala and older brother of Rinchinbal, becomes 15th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eleventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1335 Disintegration of the Ilkhanate after the death of Ilkhan Abu Sa'id.
1368 14 September Toghon Temür flees Beijing for Shangdu in advance of approaching Ming Dynasty forces. Yuan dynasty falls. The remnants of the Yuan known as the Northern Yuan dynasty continue in Mongolia.
1370 Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1340-1378), son of Toghon Temür, is declared Khan of Mongolia at Karakorum. Timur (Tamerlane) gains control of the western Chagatai Khanate.
1378 Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1342-1388) succeeds his brother Ayuushridar as Khan of Mongolia.
1380 The Golden Horde is defeated at the Battle of Kulikovo. Karakorum is destroyed by Chinese troops.
1388 Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür is murdered by an ally of the Oirats, thus launching the Oirat-Mongol wars. Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1358-1392) becomes Khan of a fractured and diminished Northern Yuan Dynasty.
1393 Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1361-1399) succeeds his younger brother Jorightu Khan Yesüder as Khan of the Northern Yuan.
1395 Timur invades The Golden Horde and sacks Saray and Astrakhan.
1399 Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khagan is defeated by the Four Oirats and killed by their leaders, Ugetchi Khashikha and Batula.

15th century

Year Date Event
1405 Timur dies of illness at Farab (present day Kazakhstan) while preparing for war against Ming China.
1408 Öljei Temür Khan (1379-1412) succeeds his father Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and older brother Gün Temür Khan as Khan of the Yuan Dynasty.
1415 Oirat nobles place Oyiradai (died 1425) on the throne of Khagan of the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty following the death of Delbeg Khan
1425 Adai Khan (1390-1438) assumes throne of Northern Yuan dynasty, unifies both the central and eastern Mongol territories but then suffers major defeats by Oirats in 1430 and 1434.
1433 Oirats crown Toghtoa Bukha (Taisun Khan) as Khagan of the Northern Yuan. He later proclaims himself of Khagan of the Great Yuan enraging the Ming dynasty.
1449 Esen Taishi (Taisun Khan's military commander and later successor as Khan) captures the Zhentong Emperor of the Ming dynasty at the Battle of Tumu Fortress and lays siege to Beijing, but is pushed back.
1473 The Ming begin construction of the Great Wall at the southern edge of the Ordos Desert to contain resurgent Mongol tribes.
1480 Madukhai Khatun, widow of the previous Chinggisid khan, marries Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan who defeats the Oirats, beginning a Chinggisid revival in Mongolia. The Great Horde's attempt to invade Muscovy failed. Their leader Akhmat Khan dies.

16th century

Year Date Event
1510 Dayan Khan defeats the Ordos and Tümed Mongols at the Battle of Dalan Terigün (Inner Mongolia), reunifying the Six Tümens of the Mongols.
1513 Dayan Khan launches successive invasions of China that continue through 1526 and include an unsuccessful assault on Beijing in 1517
1542 Following his brother's death in 1542, Altan Khan (grandson of Dayan Khan) becomes the de facto leader of the whole of the "Right Wing" (western Inner Mongolia and Ordos) and is given the title, "Tüsheet Sechen Khan."
1550 Altan Khan launches large scale incursions into Ming territory, surrounds Beijing.
1551 Altan Khan and the Ming strike accords on peace and border trade.
1571 Altan Khan founds the city of Guihua or Köke Khota (Hohhot, meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.
1577 Altan Khan meets Sodnam Gyatso in northeast Tibet and bestows on him the Mongolian title "Dalai Lama". The Mongols’ “Second Conversion” to Buddhism begins
1585 Abtai Sain Khan of the Tüsheet Khanate and nephew of Altan Khan founds Erdene Zuu Monastery, the first Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, adjacent to the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum

17th century

Year Date Event
1601 Yonten Gyatso, great-grandson of Altan Khan, becomes the 4th Dalai Lama in Lhasa, Tibet.
1604 Ligdan Khan becomes ruler of the northern Yuan.
1619 Several Mongol tribes defect to the Qing due to Ligdan Khan's oppressive rule.
1632 Ligdan Khan flees to Tibet to evade the Manchus and conquer the Gelug.
1634 Ligdan Khan dies at Qinghai Lake.
1640 Zanabazar, four-year-old son of the Tüsheet Khan of the Khalkha, is recognized as the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu.
1642 Establishment of the Khoshut Khanate in the Tibetan Plateau by Güshi Khan.
1661 Irkutsk fort founded.
1671 Galdan Boshigt becomes leader of the western Dzungar Khanate.
1685 Galdan Khan founds the town of Khovd.
1687 Outbreak of the decades-long Dzungar–Qing War between the Dzungar Khanate and Khalkha-Mongols / Qing dynasty.
1688 The Dzungars invade Khalkha and force Khalkha nobility to flee to Inner Mongolia.
1691 Khalkha nobles pledge fealty to the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
1696 The Qing dynasty seizes de facto control of Khalkha by defeating the Dzungars in the Battle of Jao Modo.

18th century

Year Date Event
1705 The Khoshut Lha-bzang Khan deposes the Sixth Dalai Lama in Tibet and kills the regent Sangs-rgyas rGya-mtsho.
1709 Khalkha jirum (Khalkha regulations) replaces the Mongol-Oirat Code among the Khalkha Mongols.
1717 Acting on an appeal by the Tibetan monasteries, the Dzungar army occupies Lhasa and kills The Khoshut Lha-bzang Khan.
1718 The Qing armies establish a garrison and military farm near modern Khovd city in western Mongolia.
1720 Qing Dynasty's Kangxi Emperor drives Dzungar forces from Tibet.
1723 Death of Zanabazar. Upper Mongols under rule of the prince Lubsan Danzan revolt against the Qing but are defeated.
1727 Kyakhta Treaty defines Russo-Qing frontier and divides the Buriats under Russia from the Khalkha Mongols under the Qing.
1752 Dawaachi and Amursanaa overthrow the Dzungar ruler in Xinjiang; Dawaachi becomes new Khong Tayiji (ruler).
1755 The Qing armies occupy Dzungaria in Xinjiang.
1756 Chingünjav and Amursana lead failed rebellions which ended in the destruction of the Dzungars by the Qing dynasty.
1758 Third Jebtsundamba Khutuktu identified in Tibet (first outside of Mongolia)
1779 Nom-un Yekhe Khüriye, the great monastery of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktus, finally settles at the present location of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia.
1789 Qing law replaces the native code, Khalkha jirum.

19th century

Year Date Event
1809 The 5th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu orders construction of Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree.
1811 First tsam religious dances performed in Ikh Khuree
1822 Russian statesman Mikhail Speransky reforms administration of the Buriats and other Indigenous peoples of Siberia.
1833 Opening of the Russian-Mongol school in Kyakhta
1836 The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu relocates from east Khüriye (now central Ulaanbaatar)to Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery to avoid Chinese merchants.
1838 Completion of Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree
1846 The Buriat Cossack Dorzhi Banzarov becomes first person of Mongol ancestry to earn a European Ph.D. at University of Kazan in Russia.
1861 Russian Consul takes up residence in Ikh Khuree
1872 Khovd town seized in Muslim revolt
1880 Anti-Manchu mutiny by Uliastai garrison
1891 Chinese rebels of the Jindandao (Way of the Golden Pill) sect launch massive pogroms against Mongols in southeastern Inner Mongolia.
1892 Agreement to build a telegraph line from Russia to China via Ikh Khuree. Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway begins.

20th century

Year Date Event
1907 The Qing government implemented sinification policies.
1911 1 December Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing Dynasty under the Bogd Khan.
29 December The Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia was proclaimed and Bogd Khan enthroned.
1912 3 November The Russian Empire recognized Mongolian independence and the rule of Bogd Khan.
1913 11 November Mongolia and Tibet concluded treaty on mutual recognition and mutual assistance.
1915 Russia, China and Mongolia signed a treaty at Kyakhta under which China was recognized as sovereign over an autonomous Mongolia.
1919 Outer Mongolia was occupied by the Republic of China.
1921 The Russian Red Army, with the support of Damdin Sükhbaatar, defeated the forces of Roman Ungern von Sternberg.
February Ungern drove Chinese troops out of Niislel Khuree.
March All remaining Chinese troops were defeated by Ungern and driven from Mongolia, allowing the reassertion of Mongolian independence under Bogd Khan.
18 March Communist guerrillas headed by Damdin Sükhbaatar, with the assistance of Red Army troops, defeated the Chinese garrison in the Mongolian settlement Maimachen near Kyakhta.
1924 26 November After the death of the Bogd Khan, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared in Outer Mongolia.
1928 Collectivization began.
1932 The failure of collectivization led to widespread uprisings and a temporary thaw.
1936 Prince Demchugdongrub formed the Mongol Military Government, a non-Communist state independent from China, in Inner Mongolia.
1937 The Mongol Military Government was renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government.
Stalinist purges in Mongolia: A Stalinist terror began which would lead to the deaths of more than thirty thousand people in the Mongolian People's Republic.
1939 Stalinist purges in Mongolia: The terror ended.
May Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: Large scale fighting took place between Japanese and joint Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn Gol on the border between Mongolia and Manchuria.
16 September Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: The battle ended in a Japanese defeat. A truce was negotiated between Japan and the Soviet Union.
1941 The Mongol United Autonomous Government was renamed the Mongolian Autonomous Federation, or Mengjiang.
1945 August The Republic of China requested Soviet help in the war against Japan, and offered recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia in exchange according to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
August The Mongolian People's Republic declared war on Japan, one day after the Soviet Union, and began to liberate Southern Mongolia from the China and the Japan.
October A plebiscite yielded a 100% pro-independence vote.
1946 January The Chinese government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic.
1949 6 October The newly established People's Republic of China recognized Mongolia and agreed to establish diplomatic relations.
1950 Herds were successfully collectivized.
1952 The Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan renounced the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
1955 The ROC blocked the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic's entry to the United Nations.
1961 The Mongolian People's Republic entered the United Nations.
The Trans-Mongolian Railway was finished.
1962 Mongolia became a member of the Comecon.
Sino-Soviet split: The Communist Party leadership sided with the Soviet Union in a falling-out with China.
1965 Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal purged the intelligentsia.
1969 Sino-Soviet split: The Soviet Union stationed a large army on Mongolian territory in response to threats of Chinese aggression.
1981 March Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa became the first Mongolian in space.
1984 August Tsedenbal resigned.
1987 27 January Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the United States.
1989 July The first Mongolian member of the Bahá'í Faith entered the country.
December The first popular reform demonstrations took place; the Mongolian Democratic Association was organized.
1990 January Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held in sub-zero weather.
2 March Mongolia and the Soviet Union announced that all Soviet troops would be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
May The constitution was amended to provide for a multi-party system and new elections.
29 July The first democratic elections were held. The Communist Party, now the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), won.
3 September The first democratically elected People's Great Hural took office.
1992 13 January A new constitution went into effect.
8 April A new election law was passed.
28 June An election was held for the first unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural. The MPRP won.
1993 6 June The first direct presidential election took place. Opposition candidate Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, a former MPRP member, won.
1996 30 June The first non-Communist government was elected.
1998 Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Minister of Infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests, was murdered.
2000 2 July The MPRP was elected; a new government was formed by Prime Minister Nambaryn Enkhbayar.

21st century

Year Date Event
2003 Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan.
2004 An election resulted in a draw. A coalition was formed between the MPRP and other parties which was headed by Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj.
2006 January The governing coalition was dissolved by the MPRP.
25 January A new coalition between the MPRP and smaller parties and defectors was formed under Miyeegombyn Enkhbold.
2007 October The governing coalition was led by the MPRP and replaced by a coalition headed by Sanjaagiin Bayar.
2009 June Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj from Democratic Party was selected President of Mongolia.
2009 October Sanjaagiin Bayar resigned from Primer Ministership due to declining health conditions and was replaced with Sükhbaataryn Batbold.
2012 August After the 2012 Mongolian legislative election, a coalition headed by Norovyn Altankhuyag from Democratic party was formed.
2013 June Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia, was re-elected in the 2013 Mongolian presidential election.
2017 June Haltmaagiin Battulga was elected in the 2017 Mongolian presidential election.

 




Chronology / Stephen Turnbull

Chronology / Stephen Turnbull

1126 Jin dynasty captures Kaifeng from the Song dynasty
1167 Probable birth date of Temuchin (Genghis Khan)
1206 Temuchin is proclaimed universal Khan of all the Mongol tribes
1206 Mongol raids are conducted against the Xixia
1209 Xixia campaign begins; capture of Wolohai
1210 Surrender of Yinchuan
1211 Invasion of the Jin Empire by Genghis Khan
1212 Siege of Datong; Genghis Khan is wounded by an arrow
1213 Mongol attack on the Juyong Pass
1214 Siege of Ningjiang in Manchuria
1215 Capture of Zhongdu (Beijing)
1216 Mongols drive the Khitans into Korea
1218 Fall of Kashgar; Mongols defeat the Kara-Khitai
1219 Invasion of the Khwarazm Empire and the siege of Otrar; capture of Bukhara
1220 Capture of Samarkand
1221 Death of Shah Muhammad of Khwarazm; Genghis Khan's Afghan campaign begins; capture of Tirmiz, Balkh and Merv; capture of Nishapur
1222 Visit of the sage Changchun to Genghis Khan
1223 Battle of the Kalka river
1227 Second Xixia campaign begins; siege of Ningxia; death of Genghis Khan; death of Jochi
1231 Death of Jalal-al-Din; siege of Hezhong; siege of Kuju begins
1232 Siege of Kaifeng begins; Korean court moves to Kanghwa Island; Sartaq is killed at the siege of Ch'oin
1234 Suicide of the last Jin emperor
1235 The Great Kuriltai is held
1237 Invasion of northern Russian principalities begins; siege of Riazan
1238 Siege of Vladimir; battle of the Sit river
1239 Defeat of the Polovtsians (Cumans).
1240 Siege of Kiev (Kyiv)
1241 Battles of Cmielnik, Leignitz, Sajo river (Mohi); death of Ogodei Khan; Siege of Gran
1242 King Bela of Hungary flees to Croatia; Mongols leave Europe
1243 Submission of Prince Iaroslav Vsevolodich to the Golden Horde
1248 Death of Kuyuk Khan
1251 Carving of the Tripitaka Koreana completed; Mongke Khan launches the Persian campaign
1253 Siege of Ch'ungju; destruction of the Nanzhao kingdom at Dali
1254 Final Mongol invasion of Korea begins
1255 Death of Batu, khan of the Golden Horde
1256 Hulegu defeats the Ismailis (Assassins)
1257 Invasion of Annam
1258 Hulegu captures Baghdad
1259 Siege of Aleppo; death of Mongke Khan
1260 Accession of Khubilai Khan; Mongols defeated by Mamluks at Ain Jalut
1265 Battle of Daioyu. Mongols acquire a fleet; death of Hulegu, Ilkhan of Persia
1268 Siege of Xiangyang begins
1273 Peace settlement with Korea
1274 First invasion of Japan
1275 Bayan crosses the Yangtze
1277 Battle of Ngasaungyyan
1278 King of Champa pays homage to the Mongols
1279 Fall of the Southern Song
1281 Second invasion of Japan; Chains repudiate homage; invasion of Champa
1282 Mongol treaty of amity with Siam
1285 Battle of Siming
1287 Capture of Pagan; Capture of Hanoi
1288 Battle of the Bach Dang river
1293 Mongols land in Java
1294 Death of Khubilai Khan
1296 Mongol embassy to Cambodia
1301 Mongol attack on Lan Na; death of Kaidu
1356 Ming capture Nanjing
1368 Ming dynasty supplants the Yuan dynasty
1370 Death of the last Yuan emperor
1380 Battle of Kulikovo

 




Mongols

Mongols

The Mongols entered history as just one among a number of nomad tribes on the steppes of central Asia. As Juvaini puts it:

"Before the appearance of Genghis Khan they had no chief or ruler. Each tribe or two tribes lived separately; they were not united with one another, and there was constant fighting and hostility between them. Some of them regarded robbery and violence, immorality and debauchery as deeds of manliness and excellence. The Khan of Khitai used to demand and seize goods from them. Their clothing was of the skins of dogs and mice, and their food was the flesh of those animals and other dead things. Their wine was mare's milk."

 

       

 

 




List of pre-modern Mongol states

List of pre-modern Mongol states (W)

Pre-modern states

Name Years Area Map Capital
Khanates in the 10th-12th centuries
Khamag Mongol Khanate 900s–1206 Mongol Empire c.1207.png
Merkit Khanate XI–mid XII
Kerait Khanate −1203
Naiman Khanate −1204
Tatar Khanate VI—X/(IX – mid XII?)
Flag of the Mongol Empire.svg      
Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty
Mongol Empire 1206–1368 33,000,000 km2 Mongol dominions.jpg Avarga (1206–35)
Karakorum (1235–60)
Khanbaliq (1260–1368)
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 14,000,000 km2 (1310) Yuan Dynasty 1294.png Khanbaliq
(Dadu, Beijing)
Flag of Golden Horde-2-.svg      
Golden Horde
Golden Horde 1240–1502 6,000,000 km2 (1310) GoldenHorde1300.png Sarai Batu
Great Horde 1466–1502
Flag of the Chagatai Khanate.svg      
Chagatai Khanate
Chagatai Khanate 1225–1340s 3,500,000 km2 (1310) Chagatai Khanate map en.svg Almaliq
Qarshi
Western Chagatai Khanate 1340s–1370
Moghulistan 1340–1462 Mongolia XVI.png
Kara Del Khanate 1383–1513
Flag of the Ilkhanate.svg      
Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate 1256–1335 3,750,000 km2 Ilkhanate in 1256–1353.PNG Maragha (1256–1265)
Tabriz (1265–1306)
Soltaniyeh (1306–1335)
Chobanids 1335–1357 IranaftertheIlkhanate.png Tabriz
Injuids 1335–1357 Baghdad (Till 1411)
Basra (1411–1432)
Jalayirid Sultanate 1335–1432 Baghdad (Till 1411)
Basra (1411–1432)
Arghun dynasty 1479?–1599?
Genghisid Northern Yuan dynasty
Northern Yuan dynasty
1368–1691 5,000,000 km2 (1550) Mongolia XVI.png Shangdu (1368–69)
Yingchang (1369–70)
Karakorum (1371–88)
Khotogoid Khanate
(subject of the Northern Yuan)
late 16th – late 17th century Mongolia XVII.png in Mongolia
Oirats – Non-Genghisid states
Four Oirat 1399–1634 1,000,000 km2
(15th – late 16th)
~1,600,000 km2
(early 17th century)
Mongolia XVI.png
Zunghar Khanate 1634–1758 3,500,000—4,000,000 km2 Mongolia XVII.png
Khoshut Khanate 1642?–1717 ~1,400,000 km2
Kalmyk Khanate 1630–1771
Timurid states (Persianate Turco-Mongol states)
Timurid Empire 1370–1507 4,400,000 km2 (1405) Das Reich Timur-i Lenks (1365-1405).GIF Samarkand (1370–1505)
Herat(1505–1507)
Mughal Empire 1526–1857 3,200,000 km2 (1700) The Mughal Empire.jpg Agra (1526–1571)
Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585)
Lahore (1585–1598)
Agra (1598–1648)
Shahjahanabad/Delhi (1648–1857)

 



List of modern Mongol states

List of modern Mongol states (W)

Modern states

Name Years Area Map Capital
Balagad state
(Buryats)
1919-1926 In Kizhinginsky District, Buryatia
Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk 1930 Kalmykia
Inner Mongolian People's Republic 1945 Xilin Gol Sonid
Flag of Mongolia (1911-1921).svg      
State of Mongolia
(Bogd Khaganate)
1911–1924 Mongolia 1915.jpg Ikh Khuree
(Ulaanbaatar)
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1940-1992).svg      
People's Republic of Mongolia
1924–1992 Ulaanbaatar
Flag of Mongolia.svg      
Mongolia
1992–present 1,564,115.75 km2 Un-mongolia.png


Autonomous areas

In Russia

Name Years Capital Area Map
State of Buryat-Mongolia 1917–1921 Chita
Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast 1922–1923
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast 1921–1923
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1923–1958 Ulan-Ude Buryat-Mongol ASSR in 1925.jpg
Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1958–1992 Russia - Buryat Republic (2008-01).svg
Republic of Buryatia 1992–present 351,300 km2
Agin Buryat-Mongol National Okrug 1937–1958 Aginskoye Russia - Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (2008-01).svg
Agin-Buryat National Okrug 1958–1977
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug 1977–2008
Agin-Buryat Okrug 2008–present 9,6002
Ust-Orda Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Okrug 1937–1958 Ust-Ordynsky RussiaUst-OrdaBuryatia2007-07.svg
Ust-Orda Buryat National Okrug 1958–1978
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug 1978–2008
Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug 2008–present 22,1382
Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast 1920–1935
1957–1958
Astrakhan (till 1928)
Elista
Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1935–1943
1958–1990
Elista
(Elstei)
Russia - Republic of Kalmykia (2008-01).svg
Kalmyk Soviet Socialist Republic 1990–1992
Kalmyk Republic-Halmg-Tangch 1992–1994
Kalmyk Republic 1994–present 76,100 km2


In China

Name Years Capital Area Map
Mengjiang state 1936–1945 Kalgan
(Khaalgan)
Mengjiang.png
Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region 1947–present Huhhot 1,183,000 km2
Inner Mongolia in China (+all claims hatched).svg
Gansu Province
Subei Mongol Autonomous County Location of Subei within Gansu (China).png
Hebei Province
Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County
Heilongjiang Province
Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County
Jilin Province
Qian Gorlos Mongol Autonomous County
Liaoning Province
Harqin Left Mongol Autonomous County
Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County
Qinghai Province
Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Qinghai subdivisions - Haixi.svg
Henan Mongol Autonomous County
Xinjiang Province
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Korla 462,700 km2
China Xinjiang Bayingolin.svg
Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Bortala
(Bortal)
China Xinjiang Bortala.svg
Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County Hoboksar
(Khovogsair)
Location of Hoboksar within Xinjiang (China).png

 





İdea Yayınevi Site Haritası | İdea Yayınevi Tüm Yayınlar
© Aziz Yardımlı 2017-2018 | aziz@ideayayinevi.com