Hanedan / Osmanlı İmparatorluğu

CKM 2018-19 / Aziz Yardımlı


 

 

Hanedan / Osmanlı İmparatorluğu






The Near and Middle East : Balkan Peninsula (L)
🔎

Description

About this Item

 

Title
The Near and Middle East : Balkan Peninsula

Contributor Names
United States. War Office.

Created / Published
Washington, D.C. : U.S. War Office, [1941]

Subject Headings
- Middle East--Maps
- Balkan Peninsula--Maps
- Middle East
- Balkan Peninsula

Genre
Maps

Notes
- Relief shown by gradient tints, contours, and spot heights.
- Includes index to boundaries and abbreviations.
- Includes note in a filled-out red stamp: "Inclosure /3 to letter No. 45055 Military Attache. London."
- Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image.
- LC copy mounted on cloth backing.

Medium
1 map : color ; 60 x 86 cm

Call Number/Physical Location
G7420 1941 .U5

Repository
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA dcu

Digital Id
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g7420.ct003740

Library of Congress Control Number
2013593010

Language English

Online Format
image

OCLC Number
(dlc)17630368

Description
Relief shown by gradient tints, contours, and spot heights. Includes index to boundaries and abbreviations. Includes note in a filled-out red stamp: "Inclosure /3 to letter No. 45055 Military Attache. London." Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. LC copy mounted on cloth backing.

LCCN Permalink
https://lccn.loc.gov/2013593010

Additional Metadata Formats
MARCXML Record
MODS Record
Dublin Core Record

IIIF Presentation
Manifest Manifest (JSON/LD)

 





 


  Ottoman family tree

📜 Ottoman family tree (simplified)

Ottoman family tree (simplified) (W)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Osman I
?-c. 1299-1323/4
Orhan
c. 1284-1323/4-1362
Murad I
1326-1362-1389
Bayezid I
1357-1389-1403
Mehmed I
1387-1413-1421
Murad II
1404-1451
r. 1421-44, 1446-51
Mehmed II
1432-1481
r. 1444-46, 1451-81
Bayezid II
1448-1481-1512
Selim I
1466-1512-1520
Suleiman I
the Magnificent
1494-1520-1566
Selim II
1524-1566-1574
Murad III
1546-1574-1595
Mehmed III
1566-1595-1603
Ahmed I
1590-1603-1617
Mustafa I
1591-1639
r. 1617-18, 1622-23
Osman II
1604-1618-1622
Murad IV
1612-1623-1640
Ibrahim
1615-1640-1648
Mehmed IV
1642-1693
r. 1648-1687
Suleiman II
1642-1687-1691
Ahmed II
1643-1691-1695
Mustafa II
1664-1695-1703
Ahmed III
1673-1736
r. 1703-1730
Mahmud I
1696-1730-1754
Osman III
1699-1754-1757
Mustafa III
1717-1757-1774
Abdul Hamid I
1725-1774-1789
Selim III
1761-1808
r. 1789-1807
Mustafa IV
1779-1807-1808
Mahmud II
1785-1808-1839
Abdülmecid I
1823-1839-1861
Abdülaziz
1830-1861-1876
Murad V
1840-1904
r. 1876
Abdul Hamid II
1842-1918
r. 1876-1909
Mehmed V
1844-1909-1918
Mehmed VI
1861-1926
r. 1918-1922

Bibliography

  • Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). "The Imperial Family of Turkey". Burke's Royal Families of the World. Volume II: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. pp. 237–248.
  • Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Studies in Middle Eastern History), Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 3rd edition (September 6, 2001); Paperback: 568 pages.

 



📹 Ottoman Sultans Family Tree (1299-1922) (VİDEO)

Ottoman Sultans Family Tree (1299-1922) (LINK)

Correction: Harun Osmanoglu is the brother of Dundar Ali Osman, not his son (as was said in the video).

My apologies for leaving out Kosem Sultan. I've since added her to the chart. Also, a correction: Harun Osmanoglu is the brother of Dundar Ali Osman, not his son (as was said in the video).

 



Ottoman dynasty — Titles

Ottoman dynasty — Titles (W)

Before Orhan's proclamation of the dynasty, the tribe was known as the Bilecik Söğüt Beylik or Beys but was renamed Osmanlı in honor of Osman.

The Ottoman dynasty is known in modern Turkish as Osmanlı Hanedanı, meaning "House of Osman"; in Ottoman Turkish it was known as Hanedan-ı Âl-i Osman, meaning "Dynasty of the Family Osman".

The first rulers of the dynasty did not take the title of Sultan, but rather Bey, a title roughly the Turkic equivalent of Lord, which would itself become a gubernatorial title and even a common military or honorific rank. Thus they still formally acknowledged the sovereignty of the Seljuk Empire and its successor, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

The first Ottoman ruler to actually claim the title of Sultan was Murad I, who ruled from 1362 to 1389. The holder of the title Sultan (سلطان in Arabic) was in Arabic-Islamic dynasties originally the power behind the throne of the Caliph in Bagdad and it was later used for various independent Muslim Monarchs. This title was senior to and more prestigious than that of Amir; it was not comparable to the title of Malik 'King', a secular title not yet common among Muslim rulers, or the Persian title of Shah, which was used mostly among Persian or Iranian related rulers.

The Ottoman sultans also claimed the title of Caliph starting with Murad I,[20] who transformed the Ottoman state into a transcontinental empire.

With the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II Fatih (1451 - 1481) claimed the title Kaysar-i-Rûm "Emperor of Rome" and proclaimed himself the protector of the Orthodox Church. He appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadius Scholarius, whom he protected and whose status he elevated into leader of all the Eastern Orthodox Christians. As Emperor of Rome he laid claim to all Roman territories, which at the time before the Fall of Constantinople, however, extended to little more than the city itself plus some areas in Morea (Peloponnese).

Sultan Mehmed II also took the title of Padishah (in Turkish 'Padişah') (پادشاه), a Persian title meaning "Master of Kings" and ranking as "Emperor", claiming superiority among the other kings. His full style was Sultan Mehmed II Khan, Fatih Ghazi 'Abu'l Fath (Victorious Conqueror, Father of Conquest), Padishah, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Emperor of Rome, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, Khan of Khans of the Two Lands and the Two Seas, Emperor of the three Cities of Constantinople, Edirne and Bursa. He was the first Ottoman ruler to adopt the imperial title of Padishah.

The Ottoman claim to caliphate was strengthened when they defeated the Mamluks in 1517 and annexed Egypt during the rule of Selim I. Selim also received the title "Custodian of the Two Noble Sanctuaries", Khadim al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn in Arabic, from Barakat Effendi Grand Sharif of Mecca when conquering Hijaz and with it the Muslim Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. Selim I full style was: Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans of the Two Lands and the Two Seas, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Custodian of the Two Noble Sanctuaries, Emperor of the Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, Conqueror of the two Armies (i.e. the European and Persian armies).

In Europe, all Ottoman Emperors were commonly referred to by the title of Sultan, rather than by those of Padishah or Caliph, which had a higher rank than that of Sultan, and were also often informally referred to by such terms unrelated to the Ottoman protocol as the Grand Turk and the Grand Seigneur or Gran Signore.

The sultans further adopted in time many secondary formal titles as well, such as "Sovereign of the House of Osman", "Sultan of Sultans", and "Khan of Khans", these two meaning King of Kings and roughly ranking as "Emperor". These titles were known in Ottoman Turkish respectively as Hünkar-i Khanedan-i Âl-i OsmanSultan us-Salatin and Khakan (the latter enlarged as Khakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn by Mehmet IIBayezid II and Selim I, meaning "Khan of Khans of the Two Lands (Europe and Asia) and the Two Seas (Mediterranean and Indian)".

As the empire grew, sultans adopted secondary titles expressing the empire's claim to be the legitimate successor of the absorbed states. Furthermore, they tended to enumerate even regular provinces, not unlike the long lists of -mainly inherited- feudal titles in the full style of many Christian European monarchs.

Some early Ottoman Sultans even had to accept the vassal status in the eyes of a foreign overlord. For example, Tamerlane appointed in 1402 the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman Çelebi (deposed in 1411), who was styled as-Sultan ul-Azam, Sayyid us-Saladin ul-Arab wal Ajam, Malik ur-Rikaab ul-Umam, Ghiyas ud-Daula wa ud-Dunya, Sultan ul-Islam wal-Muslimin, as-Sultan ibni us-Sultan, Hasib-i-Nasib-I-Zaman, Amir ul-Rumelia (Grand Sultan, Righteous Lord of Arabs, Helper of the State and the People, Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Sultan son of Sultans, Prince of Rumelia). Again his brother, Mehmed I, who ended the Ottoman Interregnum, also held his post with a fief from Tamerlane; he took the title Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis. However, the vassalage of the Ottoman Sultanate ended with the death of Tamerlane during the reign of the next Ottoman ruler, Sultan Murad II, who took the style Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis.

After the fall of the Ottoman dynasty as Emperors of the Ottoman State (Padişah-ı Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniyye in Ottoman Turkish), Abdulmejid II (1922) was still proclaimed Caliph with the title Caliph ("Halife", in modern Turkish) by the republican Government of the Grand National Assembly of the city of Ankara on November 19, 1922. However, the Ottoman Caliphate too was abolished soon afterwards, and Abdulmejid II was utterly deposed and expelled from Turkey with the rest of the Ottoman dynasty on 3 March 1924. He officially continued to hold the title of the throne as the Head of the House of Osman ("Osmanlı Hanedanı Reisi", in modern Turkish) until his death.

 








  Ottoman dynasty

Ottoman dynasty

Ottoman dynasty (c. 1299-1922) (W)

The Ottoman dynasty (Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (Ottoman Turkish: خاندان آل عثمانḪānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Turkish: Osmanlılar). According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik Söğüt. The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922.

During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier. During the First (1876-78) and Second Constitutional Eras (1908-20) of the late Empire, a shift to constitutional monarchy was enacted, with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly.

The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence. The Republic of Turkey was declared the following year. The living members of the dynasty were initially sent into exile as personae non gratae, though some have been allowed to return and live as private citizens in Turkey. In its current form, the family is known as the Osmanoğlu family.

 



History

History (W)

The Ottoman dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the Sultan governed the empire’s entire territory, that every male member of the dynastic family was hypothetically eligible to become Sultan, and that only one person at a time could be the Sultan. Such rules were fairly standard for monarchic empires of the time. The certain processes through which men rose to the Sultanate, however, were very specific to the Ottoman Empire. To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Sultans can be divided into two eras: the period between the reign of Orhan (1323-1362), the first person to inherit the Ottoman sultanate, and the reign of Ahmed I (1603-1617); and the period following Ahmed I’s reign.

The succession process during the first period was dominated by violence and intra-familial conflict, in which the various sons of the deceased Sultan fought until only one remained alive and, thus, inherited the throne. This tradition was known as fratricide in the Ottoman Empire, but may have evolved from tanistry, a similar succession procedure that existed in many Turco-Mongolian dynasties predating the Ottomans.[4] Sons of the Sultan were often given provincial territories to govern until the Sultan’s death, at which point they would each vie for the throne.[5] Each son had to, according to historian H. Erdem Cipa, “demonstrate that his fortune was superior to the fortunes of his rivals,” a demonstration that often took the form of military accomplishment and ruthlessness.[6] This violence was not considered particularly unexpected or unusual. As Cipa has noted, the Ottoman words for “successor” and “conflict” share the same Arabic root,[7] and indeed, all but one of the successions in this roughly 200-year period involved a resolution by combat.[8] Over time, the combat became increasingly prevalent and recognized, especially after a Jannissary uprising negated Murad II’s attempt to abdicate the throne peacefully to his son, Mehmed II, in 1444. During the eventual reign of Mehmed II (1451-1481), fratricide was legalized as an official practice; during the reign of Bayezid II (1481-1512), fratricide between Bayezid II’s sons occurred before Bayezid II himself died;[9] and after the reign of Murad III (1574-1595), successor Mehmed III executed a whopping 19 relatives in order to claim the throne.[10]

During the second period, the tradition of fratricide was replaced by a simpler and less violent procedure. Starting with the succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617, the Ottoman throne was inherited by the eldest male family member — not necessarily son — of the Sultan, regardless of how many eligible family members were alive.[11] The change in succession procedure was likely instigated by numerous factors, including fratricide’s decline in popularity among Ottoman elites[12] and Ahmed I’s decision not to kill Mustafa when inheriting the throne from Mehmed III in 1603. With the door opened for a change in policy, a political debate arose between those who supported unrestricted Sultan privilege and those who supported a stronger, centralized law system that would supersede even the Sultan’s power to an extent, and historian Baki Tezcan has argued that the latter faction — with the help of influential grand mufti "Sa’deddinzade Es’ad" — was able to prevail in this instance.[13] The blood-free succession from Ahmed I to Mustafa I in 1617 “provided a reference for the eventual stabilization of the rule of Ottoman succession, the very regulation of which by an outside force was in effect a constitutional check on the dynastic prerogative,” Tezcan has written.[14] The precedent set in 1617 stuck, as the eldest living family member successfully inherited the throne in each of the following 21 successions, with relatively few instances of a son inheriting the throne.[15]



Succession practices

From the fourteenth through the late sixteenth centuries, the Ottomans practiced open succession – something historian Donald Quataert has described as "survival of the fittest, not eldest, son." During their father's lifetime, all adult sons of the reigning sultan obtained provincial governorships. Accompanied and mentored by their mothers, they would gather supporters while ostensibly following a Ghazi ethos. Upon the death of the reigning sultan, his sons would fight amongst themselves until one emerged triumphant. A prince's proximity to Constantinople improved his chances of succession, simply because he would hear of his father's death and declare himself Sultan first. A sultan could thus hint at his preferred successor by giving a favourite son a closer governorship. Bayezid II, for instance, had to fight his brother Cem Sultan in the 1480s for the right to rule.

Occasionally, the half-brothers would begin the struggle even before the death of their father. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), strife between his sons Mustafa and Selim caused such internal turmoil that Suleiman ordered the deaths of both Mustafa and another son, Bayezid, leaving Selim the sole heir.

During the reigns of Suleiman and Selim II, the Haseki Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: حسکي سلطان) or chief consort rose to greater prominence. Gaining power within the Imperial Harem, the favourite was able to manoeuvre to ensure the succession for one of her sons. This led to a short period of effective primogeniture. However, unlike the earlier period, when the sultan had already defeated his brothers and potential rivals for the throne in battle, these sultans had the problem of many half-brothers who could act as the focus for rival factions. Thus, to prevent attempts at seizing the throne, reigning sultans practiced fratricide upon accession, starting with Murat I in 1362.[16] Both Murad III and his son Mehmed III had their half-brothers murdered. The killing of all the new sultan's brothers and half-brothers (which were usually quite numerous) was traditionally done by manual strangling with a silk cord. As the centuries passed, the ritual killing was gradually replaced by lifetime solitary confinement in the "Golden Cage" or kafes, a room in the harem from where the sultan's brothers could never escape, unless perchance they became heir presumptive. Some had already become mentally unstable by the time they were asked to reign.

Mehmed III was the last sultan to have previously held a provincial governorship. Sons now remained within the harem until the death of their father. This not only denied them the ability to form powerful factions capable of usurping their father, but also denied them the opportunity to have children while their father remained alive. Thus, when Mehmet's son came to the throne as Ahmed I, he had no children of his own. Moreover, as a minor, there was no evidence he could have children. This had the potential to create a crisis of succession and led to a gradual end to fratricide. Ahmed had some of his brothers killed, but not Mustafa (later Mustafa I). Similarly, Osman II allowed his half-brothers Murad IV and Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire to live. This led to a shift in the 17th century from a system of primogeniture to one based on agnatic seniority, in which the eldest male within the dynasty succeeded, also to guarantee adult sultans and prevent both fratricides as well as the sultanate of women. Thus, Mustafa succeeded his brother Ahmed; Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV before being succeeded in turn by Mehmed's son Mustafa II. Agnatic seniority explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother. It also meant that potential rulers had to wait a long time in the kafes before ascending the throne, hence the old age of certain sultans upon their enthronement.[17] Although attempts were made in the 19th century to replace agnatic seniority with primogeniture, they were unsuccessful, and seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922.[18]

 








  List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

📜 Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1453)

Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1453) (W)

Sultan Portrait Reigned from Reigned until Tughra Notes
1 Osman I
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Osman Gazi2.jpg c. 1299 c. 1326 [17]
[c]
  • Son of Ertuğrul Bey[18] and an unknown woman.[19]
  • Reigned until his death.
2 Orhan
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Orhan Gazi.jpg c. 1326 c. 1362 [20] 1362 Tughra of Orhan
3 Murad I
SULTAN-İ AZAM (The Most Exalted Sultan)
HÜDAVENDİGÂR 
(The devotee of God) 
ŞEHÎD (Martyr) [22][b]
Murat Hüdavendigar.jpg 1362 15 June 1389 Tughra of Murad I
4 Bayezid I
SULTAN-İ RÛM (Sultan of the Roman Empire)
YILDIRIM (Lightning)
Bayezid I by Cristofano dell'Altissimo.jpg 15 June 1389 20 July 1402 Tughra of Bayezid I
 
c1 2 : Tughras were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with Orhan in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of Osman I, the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered,[71] although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul" has been identified.[18] Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal figurehead.
  1.  Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. Basic Books. p. 555. ISBN 9780465008506.
  2. Jump up to:a b Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. pp. 60, 122.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. p. 153.
  4. ^ Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's dream : the history of the ottoman empire. Basic Books. p. 555. ISBN 9780465008506.
  5. ^ "Sultan Orhan Gazi". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  6. ^ Lambton, AnnLewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 9780521223102. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  7. ^ "Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  8. ^ "Sultan Yıldırım Beyezid Han". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2009-02-06.

 



📜 List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire (W)

No Sultan Portrait Reigned from Reigned until Tughra Notes
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
(1299-1453)
1 Osman I
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Osman Gazi2.jpg c. 1299 c. 1326 [17]
[c]
  • Son of Ertuğrul Bey[18] and an unknown woman.[19]
  • Reigned until his death.
2 Orhan
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Orhan Gazi.jpg c. 1326 c. 1362 [20] 1362 Tughra of Orhan
3 Murad I
SULTAN-İ AZAM (The Most Exalted Sultan)
HÜDAVENDİGÂR 
(The devotee of God) 
ŞEHÎD (Martyr) [22][b]
Murat Hüdavendigar.jpg 1362 15 June 1389 Tughra of Murad I
4 Bayezid I
SULTAN-İ RÛM (Sultan of the Roman Empire)
YILDIRIM (Lightning)
Bayezid I by Cristofano dell'Altissimo.jpg 15 June 1389 20 July 1402 Tughra of Bayezid I
Ottoman Interregnum[d]
(20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
İsa Çelebi
The Co-Sultan of Anatolia
İsa Çelebi.jpg 1403–1405 
(Sultan of the Western Anatolian Territory)
1406
Emir (Amir)
Süleyman Çelebi

The First Sultan of Rumelia
Arolsen Klebeband 01 449 4.jpg 20 July 1402 17 February 1411[25]
Musa Çelebi
The Second Sultan of Rumelia
Musa Çelebi.jpg 18 February 1411 5 July 1413[27]
Mehmed Çelebi
The Sultan of Anatolia
Çelebi Mehmet.jpg 1403–1406 
(Sultan of the Eastern Anatolian Territory)

1406–1413
(The Sultan of Anatolia)
5 July 1413
  • Acquired the control of the eastern part of the Anatolian territory as the Co-Sultan just after the defeat of the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.
  • Defeated İsa Çelebi in the battle of Ulubat in 1405.
  • Became the sole ruler of the Anatolian territory of the Ottoman Empire upon İsa’s death in 1406.
  • Acquired the title of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Khan upon Musa’s death on 5 July 1413.
Sultanate resumed
5 Mehmed I
ÇELEBİ (The Affable)
KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker for his support)
Çelebi Mehmet.jpg 5 July 1413 26 May 1421 Tughra of Mehmed I
6 Murad II
KOCA (The Great)
II. Murat.jpg 25 June 1421 1444 Tughra of Murad II
7 Mehmed II
FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror)
فاتح
Gentile Bellini 003.jpg 1444 1446 Tughra of Mehmed II
  • Son of Murad II and Hüma Hatun.[19]
  • Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries.[31]
(6) Murad II
KOCA (The Great)
II. Murat.jpg 1446 3 February 1451 Tughra of Murad II
  • Second reign;
  • Forced to return to the throne following a Janissaryinsurgence;[32]
  • Reigned until his death.
Growth of the Ottoman Empire
(1453-1550)
(7) Mehmed II
KAYSER-İ RÛM (Caesar of the Roman Empire)
FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror)
فاتح
Gentile Bellini 003.jpg 3 February 1451 3 May 1481 Tughra of Mehmed II
8 Bayezid II
VELÎ (The Saint)
Beyazid II.jpg 19 May 1481 25 April 1512 Tughra of Bayezid II
9 Selim I
YAVUZ (The Strong)
Hadim'ul Haramain'ish-Sharifain
(Servant of Mecca and Medina)
Yavuz Sultan I. Selim Han.jpg 25 April 1512 21 September 1520 Tughra of Selim I
10 Suleiman I
MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent)

or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)
قانونى

EmperorSuleiman.jpg 30 September 1520 6 or 7 September 1566 Tughra of Suleiman I
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
(1550-1700)
11 Selim II
SARI (The Blond)

MEST (the Sot)

II. Selim Han.jpg 29 September 1566 21 December 1574 Tughra of Selim II
12 Murad III Sultan Murad III.jpeg 22 December 1574 16 January 1595 Tughra of Murad III
13 Mehmed III
ADLÎ (The Just)
Sultan Mehmet III of the Ottoman Empire.jpg 27 January 1595 20 or 21 December 1603 Tughra of Mehmed III
14 Ahmed I
BAḪTī (The Fortunate)
Sultan I. Ahmet.jpg 21 December 1603 22 November 1617 Tughra of Ahmed I
15 Mustafa I
DELİ (The Mad)
I Mustafa (cropped).jpg 22 November 1617 26 February 1618 Tughra of Mustafa I
16 Osman II
GENÇ (The Young)
ŞEHÎD (The Martyr) 
شهيد
Osman 2.jpg 26 February 1618 19 May 1622 Tughra of Osman II
(15) Mustafa I
DELİ (The Mad)
I Mustafa (cropped).jpg 20 May 1622 10 September 1623 Tughra of Mustafa I
  • Second reign;
  • Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew Osman II;
  • Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in Istanbul on 20 January 1639.[41]
17 Murad IV
SAHİB-Î KIRAN
The Conqueror of Baghdad 
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
غازى
Murad IV.jpg 10 September 1623 8 or 9 February 1640 Tughra of Murad IV
18 Ibrahim
DELİ (The Mad) 
The Conqueror of Crete
ŞEHÎD
Ibrahim I.jpg 9 February 1640 8 August 1648 Tughra of Ibrahim
19 Mehmed IV
AVCI (The Hunter)
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
غازى
Sultan Mehmed IV (2).jpg 8 August 1648 8 November 1687 Tughra of Mehmed IV
20 Suleiman II
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Süleyman II.jpg 8 November 1687 22 June 1691 Tughra of Suleiman II
21 Ahmed II
ḪĀN ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior Prince)
Ahmet II.jpg 22 June 1691 6 February 1695 Tughra of Ahmed II
22 Mustafa II
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
II. Mustafa.jpg 6 February 1695 22 August 1703 Tughra of Mustafa II
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire
(1700-1827)
23 Ahmed III
Tulip Era Sultan 
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
III. Ahmet.jpg 22 August 1703 1 or 2 October 1730 Tughra of Ahmed III
24 Mahmud I
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
KAMBUR (The Hunchback)
Mahmud1.jpg 2 October 1730 13 December 1754 Tughra of Mahmud I
25 Osman III
SOFU (The Devout)
OsmanIII.jpg 13 December 1754 29 or 30 October 1757 Tughra of Osman III
26 Mustafa III
YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative)
Mustafa3.jpg 30 October 1757 21 January 1774 Tughra of Mustafa III
27 Abdul Hamid I
Abd ūl-Hāmīd (The Servant of God)
ISLAHATÇI (The Improver)
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Portrait of Abdülhamid I of the Ottoman Empire.jpg 21 January 1774 6 or 7 April 1789 Tughra of Abdul Hamid I
28 Selim III
BESTEKÂR (The Composer) 
NİZÂMÎ (Regulative - Orderly) 
ŞEHÎD (The Martyr)
Joseph Warnia-Zarzecki - Sultan Selim III - Google Art Project.jpg 7 April 1789 29 May 1807 Tughra of Selim III
29 Mustafa IV IV. Mustafa.jpg 29 May 1807 28 July 1808 Tughra of Mustafa IV
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire
(1827-1908)
30 Mahmud II
İNKILÂPÇI (The Reformer)
ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Mahmud II.jpg 28 July 1808 1 July 1839 Tughra of Mahmud II
31 Abdulmejid I
TANZİMÂTÇI 
(The Strong Reformist or
The Advocate of Reorganization)

ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)
Sultan Abdulmecid Pera Museum 3 b.jpg 1 July 1839 25 June 1861 Tughra of Abdulmejid I
32 Abdülaziz
BAḪTSIZ (The Unfortunate) 
ŞEHĪD (The Martyr)
Abdulaziz.jpg 25 June 1861 30 May 1876 Tughra of Abdülaziz
  • Son of Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan;
  • Deposed by his ministers;
  • Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.[58]
33 Murad V Portrait of Murad V.jpg 30 May 1876 31 August 1876 Tughra of Murad V
34 Abdul Hamid II 
Ulû Sultân Abd ūl-Hāmīd Khan

(The Sublime Khan)

Shahzade Abdulhamid (1867).jpg 31 August 1876 27 April 1909 Tughra of Abdul Hamid II
35 Mehmed V
REŞÂD (Rashād)

(The True Path Follower)

Sultan Muhammed Chan V., Kaiser der Osmanen 1915 C. Pietzner.png 27 April 1909 3 July 1918 Tughra of Mehmed V
36 Mehmed VI
VAHDETTİN (Wāhīd ād-Dīn)

(The Unifier of Dīn (Islam) or The Oneness of Islam)

Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg 4 July 1918 1 November 1922 Tughra of Mehmed VI
Caliph under the Republic
(1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
Abdulmejid II Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg 18 November 1922 3 March 1924
[c]

 



📜 Notes

Notes (W)

a1 2 : The full style of the Ottoman ruler was complex, as it was composed of several titles and evolved over the centuries. The title of sultan was used continuously by all rulers almost from the beginning. However, because it was widespread in the Muslim world, the Ottomans quickly adopted variations of it to dissociate themselves from other Muslim rulers of lesser status. Murad I, the third Ottoman monarch, styled himself sultan-i azam (سلطان اعظم, the most exalted sultan) and hüdavendigar (خداوندگار, emperor), titles used by the Anatolian Seljuqs and the Mongol Ilkhanids respectively. His son Bayezid I adopted the style Sultan of RûmRûm being an old Islamic name for the Roman Empire. The combining of the Islamic and Central Asian heritages of the Ottomans led to the adoption of the title that became the standard designation of the Ottoman ruler: Sultan [Name] Khan.[66]Ironically, although the title of sultan is most often associated in the Western world with the Ottomans, people within Turkey generally use the title of padishah far more frequently when referring to rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.[67]
b1 2 3 : The Ottoman Caliphate was one of the most important positions held by rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.[citation needed] The caliphate symbolized their spiritual power, whereas the sultanate represented their temporal power. According to Ottoman historiographyMurad I adopted the title of caliph during his reign (1362 to 1389), and Selim I later strengthened the caliphal authority during his conquest of Egypt in 1516-1517. However, the general consensus among modern scholars is that Ottoman rulers had used the title of caliph before the conquest of Egypt, as early as during the reign of Murad I (1362–1389), who brought most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and established the title of sultan in 1383. It is currently agreed that the caliphate "disappeared" for two-and-a-half centuries, before being revived with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed between the Ottoman Empire and Catherine II of Russia in 1774. The treaty was highly symbolic, since it marked the first international recognition of the Ottomans' claim to the caliphate. Although the treaty made official the Ottoman Empire's loss of the Crimean Khanate, it acknowledged the Ottoman caliph's continuing religious authority over Muslims in Russia.[68] From the 18th century onwards, Ottoman sultans increasingly emphasized their status as caliphs in order to stir Pan-Islamist sentiments among the empire's Muslims in the face of encroaching European imperialism. When World War I broke out, the sultan/caliph issued a call for jihad in 1914 against the Ottoman Empire's Allied enemies, unsuccessfully attempting to incite the subjects of the FrenchBritish and Russian empires to revolt. Abdul Hamid II was by far the Ottoman Sultan who made the most use of his caliphal position, and was recognized as Caliph by many Muslim heads of state, even as far away as Sumatra.[69] He had his claim to the title inserted into the 1876 Constitution (Article 4).[70]
c1 2 : Tughras were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with Orhan in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of Osman I, the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered,[71] although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul" has been identified.[18] Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal figurehead.
d^ : The Ottoman Interregnum, also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate (TurkishFetret Devri), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of Bayezid I by the Turco-Mongol warlord Tamerlane at the Battle of Ankara, which was fought on 20 July 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, until Mehmed I emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.[72]
e^ : The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was a gradual process which started with the abolition of the sultanate and ended with that of the caliphate 16 months later. The sultanate was formally abolished on 1 November 1922. Sultan Mehmed VI fled to Malta on 17 November aboard the British warship Malaya.[62] This event marked the end of the Ottoman Dynasty, not of the Ottoman State nor of the Ottoman Caliphate. On 18 November, the Grand National Assembly (TBMM) elected Mehmed VI's cousin Abdulmejid II, the then crown prince, as caliph.[73] The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923), which recognized the new "Ankara government," and not the old Istanbul-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the TBMM on 29 October 1923, with Mustafa Kemal as its first President.[74] Although Abdulmejid II was a figurehead lacking any political power, he remained in his position of Caliph until the office of the Caliphate was abolished by the TBMM on 3 March 1924.[70] Mehmed VI later tried unsuccessfully to reinstall himself as caliph in the Hejaz.[75]

 



📜 References

References (W)

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  2. ^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p. 122. That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it.

    • Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-7914-5636-6. Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that...

    • Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Indiana University Press. p. 10. In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe. Without a proven genealogy, or even without evidence of sufficient care to produce a single genealogy to be presented to all the court chroniclers, there obviously could be no tribe; thus, the tribe was not a factor in early Ottoman history.

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Ottoman sultans family tree

Ottoman sultans family tree (W)

 
Ottoman sultans family tree
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