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Savaşan Roma

CKM 2018-19 / Aziz Yardımlı


 

Roma at War


SİTE İÇİ ARAMA       
 
  Pyrrhus
 

Pyrrhus of Epirus

Pyrrhus of Epirus (W)

 
   
Pyrrhus Ι (ΠύρροςPyrrhos; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic period. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians,  of the royal Aeacid house (from c. 297 BC), and later he became king (Malalas called him also toparch) of Epirus (r. 306–302, 297–272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Several of his victorious battles caused him unacceptably heavy losses, from which the term Pyrrhic victory was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.

Struggle with Rome


Routes taken against Rome in the Pyrrhic War (280-275 BC).


The Greek city of Tarentum, in southern Italy, fell out with Rome due to a violation of an old treaty that specified Rome was not to send warships into the Tarentine Gulf. In 282 BC, the Romans installed garrisons in the Greek cities of Thurii (on the western end of the Tarentine Gulf), Locri, and Rhegium, and sent warships to Thurii. Although this was designed as a measure against the Italian peoples of Lucania, the Tarentines grew nervous and attacked the Romans in Thurii, driving the Roman garrison from the city and sinking several Roman warships. Tarentum was now faced with a Roman attack and certain defeat, unless they could enlist the aid of greater powers. Rome had already made itself into a major power, and was poised to subdue all the Greek cities in Magna Graecia. The Tarentines asked Pyrrhus to lead their war against the Romans. Pyrrhus was encouraged to aid the Tarentines by the Oracle of Delphi. He recognized the possibility of carving out an empire for himself in Italy. He made an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon and his most powerful neighbor, and arrived in Italy in 280 BC.

Pyrrhus entered Italy with an army consisting of 20,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers, 500 slingers, and 20 war elephants in a bid to subdue the Romans. The elephants had been loaned to him by Ptolemy II, who had also promised 9,000 soldiers and a further 50 elephants to defend Epirus while Pyrrhus and his army were away.

Due to his superior cavalry, his elephants and his deadly phalanx infantry, he defeated the Romans, led by Consul Publius Valerius Laevinus, in the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC, in the Roman province of Lucania. There are conflicting sources about casualties. Hieronymus of Cardia reports the Romans lost about 7,000 while Pyrrhus lost 3,000 soldiers, including many of his best; Dionysius gives a bloodier view of 15,000 Roman dead and 13,000 Epirot. Several tribes, including the LucaniansBruttii, Messapians, and the Greek cities of Croton and Locri, joined Pyrrhus. He then offered the Romans a peace treaty which was eventually rejected. Pyrrhus spent the winter in Campania.

When Pyrrhus invaded Apulia (279 BC), the two armies met in the Battle of Asculum, where Pyrrhus won a costly victory. The consul Publius Decius Mus was the Roman commander, and while his able force was ultimately defeated, they managed to almost break the back of Pyrrhus' Epirot army, which guaranteed the security of the city itself. In the end, the Romans had lost 6,000 men and Pyrrhus 3,500 including many officers.  Pyrrhus later famously commented on his victory at Asculum, stating, "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined".  It is from reports of this semi-legendary event that the term Pyrrhic victory originates.

 



Epirus (ancient state)

Epirus (ancient state) (W)


Epirus
 (Northwest GreekἌπειροςÁpeirosAtticἬπειρος, Ḗpeiros) was an ancient Greek state, located in the geographical region of Epirus in the western Balkans. The homeland of the ancient Epirotes was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Thessaly and Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north. For a brief period (280–275 BC), the Epirote king Pyrrhus managed to make Epirus the most powerful state in the Greek world, and his armies marched against Rome during an unsuccessful campaign in Italy.

 




📹 Pyrrhus of Epirus — Enemy of Rome (VİDEO)

📹 Pyrrhus of Epirus — Enemy of Rome (LINK)

A brief look at one of the first and greatest adversaries of the Romans.

 



📹 Pyrrhus 1 — Before Rome (VİDEO)

📹 Pyrrhus 1 — Before Rome (LINK)

The life of Pyrrhus of Epirus is remarkable. His was born a few years after the death of his relative Alexander the Great, grew up during the wars of the Diadochi, learned war under Alexander's generals, lived through and fought in many battles. We know him from his wars against the Romans and their legions, but his military career started earlier than that. So, what was the life of Pyrrhus of Epirus before his Italian battles?

 



📹 Pyrrhus 2 — Battle of Heraclea 280 BC — Pyrrhic Wars (VİDEO)

📹Pyrrhus 2 — Battle of Heraclea 280 BC — Pyrrhic Wars (LINK)

Our animated historical documentary series about Pyrrhus of Epirus continues! In the previous video, our hero was involved in the wars of the Diadochi of Alexander the Great and this involvement only increased. However ambitious Pyrrhus preferred to achieve new conquests and win wars against new opponents, so when a Greek city of Tarentum invited him to Italy to defend it against the Roman Republic, Pyrrhus agreed. The war with Rome was now inevitable and its first engagement would be the battle of Heraclea.Our animated historical documentary series about Pyrrhus of Epirus continues! In the previous video, our hero was involved in the wars of the Diadochi of Alexander the Great and this involvement only increased. However ambitious Pyrrhus preferred to achieve new conquests and win wars against new opponents, so when a Greek city of Tarentum invited him to Italy to defend it against the Roman Republic, Pyrrhus agreed. The war with Rome was now inevitable and its first engagement would be the battle of Heraclea.

 



📹 Pyrrhus 3 — Pyrrhus vs. Romans and Carthaginians (Asculum, Sicilian Campaign) (VİDEO)

📹 Pyrrhus 3 — Pyrrhus vs. Romans and Carthaginians (Asculum, Sicilian Campaign) (LINK)

In the previous episode of our animated historical documentary series on the king of Epirus Pyrrhus and Pyrrhic wars, the Greek king defeated the Roman legions at the battle of Heraclea. Although the battle was impressive, the Roman republic wasn't planning to relent and sign a peace treaty. Pyrrhus and his phalanx would have to fight Rome at the battle of Asculum, but even that wasn't enough to sate the appetites of the king and he would later attack the Carthaginians on Sicily.

 



📹 Pyrrhus 4 — Pyrrhus — Against Everyone (Beneventum, Sparta and Argos) (VİDEO)

📹 Pyrrhus 4 — Pyrrhus — Against Everyone (Beneventum, Sparta and Argos) (LINK)

Previous video in our animated historical documentary series on Pyrrhus of Epirus saw him fighting against the Carthaginians on Sicily and again against the Roman Republic at Asculum and although he gained many victories, his war against the Romans was ongoing and at Beneventum they have finally defeated him. With his overall situation in Italy untenable, he headed back to Greece, where he fought his final wars against the Macedonians, Spartans and Argives.

 








  Roman-Macedonian Wars (214-148 BC)

Roman-Macedonian Wars

Roman-Macedonian Wars (W)


The Mediterranean in 218 BC.


The Macedonian Wars (214–148 BC) were a series of conflicts fought by the Roman Republic and its Greek allies in the eastern Mediterranean against several different major Greek kingdoms. They resulted in Roman control or influence over the eastern Mediterranean basin, in addition to their hegemony in the western Mediterranean after the Punic Wars. Traditionally, the “Macedonian Wars” include the four wars with Macedonia, in addition to one war with the Seleucid Empire, and a final minor war with the Achaean League (which is often considered to be the final stage of the final Macedonian war). The most significant war was fought with the Seleucid Empire, while the war with Macedonia was the second, and both of these wars effectively marked the end of these empires as major world powers, even though neither of them led immediately to overt Roman domination. Four separate wars were fought against the weaker power, Macedonia, due to its geographic proximity to Rome, though the last two of these wars were against haphazard insurrections rather than powerful armies. Roman influence gradually dissolved Macedonian independence and digested it into what was becoming a leading global empire. The outcome of the war with the now-deteriorating Seleucid Empire was ultimately fatal to it as well, though the growing influence of Parthia and Pontus prevented any additional conflicts between it and Rome.

From the close of the Macedonian Wars until the early Roman Empire, the eastern Mediterranean remained an ever shifting network of polities with varying levels of independence from, dependence on, or outright military control by, Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, Rome's wars with Greece were set in motion after several Greek city-states sought Roman protection against the Macedonian Kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of a destabilizing situation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt.

In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome was capable of pacifying. This had some important similarities (and some important differences) to what had occurred in Italy centuries earlier, but was this time on a continental scale. Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, not as a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on accomplishing short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions of outright military rule (such as parts of mainland Greece), the eastern Mediterranean world remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both de jure and de facto) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It wasn't until the time of the Roman Empire that the eastern Mediterranean, along with the entire Roman world, was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control

 




📹 Macedonian Wars — First Roman Intervention in the Hellenic Affairs (VİDEO)

📹 Macedonian Wars — First Roman Intervention in the Hellenic Affairs (LINK)

We are starting a new animated historical series on the Macedonian Wars. This conflict was crucial both for the Roman republic and the Hellenic States and featured the famous battles like Cynoscephalae and Pydna during which the classic encounters between the legion and the phalanx took place. Its results set up a new historical reality for the region for many centuries to come, playing a huge role in the creation of the Greco-Roman world.

 



📹 Cynoscephalae 197 BC — Macedonian Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Cynoscephalae 197 BC — Macedonian Wars (LINK)

Our animated historical documentary series on the Macedonian Wars continues with the overview of the second conflict with the focus on the battles of Aous and Cynoscephalae in 197 BC. Famed Roman Legion and the Macedonian Phalanx are about to fight for the hegemony over the Greek world and the whole Mediterranean.

 



📹 Callinicus 171 BC / Roman-Macedonian Wars DOC UMENTARY (VİDEO)

📹 Callinicus 171 BC / Roman-Macedonian Wars (LINK)

Our animated historical documentary series on the Roman - Macedonian Wars continues with a video on the Third Macedonian War and the battle of Callinicus fought in 171 BC.

 








  Roman-Seleucid War, 190 BC

📹 Battle of Magnesia 190 BC Roman-Seleucid (VİDEO)

Battle of Magnesia, 190 BC — Roman-Seleucid War (LINK)

This documentary is on Roman - Seleucid Syrian War of 192-188 BC (also known as War of Antiochus) and the battles of Thermopylae and Magnesia. Both the Roman Republic and the Seleucid empires were vying for control over Greece and Eastern Mediterranean and their war reshaped the map of the region in the II century BC and was the most significant conflict of its time with a quarter of a million warriors taking part in the hostilities on both sides.

 








  Mithridatic Wars (88-63 BC)

Mithridatic Wars

Mithridatic Wars (W)


The Pontic Kingdom
 


Coin of Mithradates VI Eupator, 120-63 BC (uncertain mint).

 

The Mithridatic Wars were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus who initiated the hostilities after annexing the Roman province of Asia into its Pontic Empire (that came to include most of Asia Minor) and committing massacres against the local Roman population known as the Asian Vespers. As Roman troops were sent to recover the territory, they faced an uprising in Greece organized and supported by Mithridates. Mithridates was able to mastermind such general revolts against Rome and played the magistrates of the optimates party off against the magistrates of the populares party in the Roman civil wars. Nevertheless, the first war ended with a Roman victory, confirmed by the Treaty of Dardanos signed by Lucius Sulla and Mithridates. Greece was restored to Roman rule and Pontus was expected to restore the status quo ante bellum in Asia Minor.

As the treaty of Dardanos was barely implemented in Asia Minor, the Roman general Murena (in charge of retaking control of Roman territory in Asia) decided to wage a second war against Pontus.

The second war resulted in a Roman defeat and gave momentum to Mithridates, who then forged an alliance with Tigranes the Great, the Armenian King of Kings. Tigranes was the son-in-law of Mithridates and was in control of an Armenian empire that included territories in the Levant. Pontus won the Battle of Chalcedon (74 BC), gave support to Cilician pirates against Roman commerce, and the third war soon began.

For the third war, the Romans sent the consul Lucullus to fight against Armenia and Pontus. Lucullus won the Battle of Cabira and the Battle of Tigranocerta but his progress was nullified after the Battle of Artaxata and the Battle of Zela. Meanwhile, the campaign of Pompey against the Cilician pirates in the Mediterranean was successful and Pompey was named by the senate to replace Lucullus. Pompey's subsequent campaigns caused the collapse of the Armenian Empire in the Levant (with Roman forces taking control of Syria and Palestine) and the affirmation of Roman power over Anatolia, Pontus and nearly all the eastern Mediterranean. Tigranes surrendered and became a client king of Rome. Hunted, stripped of his possessions, and in a foreign country, Mithridates had a servant kill him. His former kingdom was combined with one of his hereditary enemies, Bithynia, to form the province of Bithynia and Pontus, which would forestall any future pretender to the throne of Pontus.


Map of Asia minor, 89 BC showing Roman provinces and client states as well as Pontic territory.


Pontus Kingdom, 90 BC.


Mithridates Falls in Love with Stratonice (c.1775-1780). Louis Jean François Lagrenée (French, 1725-1805). Oil on canvas. Musée des Beaux-Arts de Quimper.
King Mithridates falls in love with the beautiful Stratonice, whose song is transmitted by symbolic accessories (lyre, musical staves). The painter’s mastery of the art of expression makes the scene alive, the models, which are recognized in other works, are chosen and reproduced with care. The gestures are graceful, the bright colors, the subtle chords, a general balance reigns over the composition. (L)


Coloured lithograph by Carlo Bossoli (London, 1856) of the so-called "Tomb of Mithridates,"" kurgan near Kerch. (W)

 



📹 Battles of Chaeronea (86 BC) and Orchomenus (85 BC) — Mithridatic Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Battles of Chaeronea (86 BC) and Orchomenus (85 BC) — Mithridatic Wars (LINK)

Mithridates VI of Pontus was one of the rulers deemed the Enemy of Rome by the historians, and rightly so. He and his allies waged three wars against the Roman Republic, killed thousands of the citizens and stemmed the Roman expansion for three decades. In this documentary, we are describing the events of the first Mithridatic war (89-85 BC) in which Pontic army fought against the future Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, with the central battles of Chaeronea (86 BC) and Orchomenus (85 BC). We are planning to cover the Second and the Third Mithridatic Wars, and the struggle between Lucullus an Pompey on one side and Mithridates and Tigranes on the other.

 



📹 Battles of Cyzicus (73 BC) and Tigranocerta (69 BC) — Mithridatic Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Battles of Cyzicus (73 BC) and Tigranocerta (69 BC) — Mithridatic Wars (LINK)

Previously we covered the First Mithridatic War (89-85 BC) between the Roman Republic led by Sulla and the Pontic Kingdom ruled by Mithridates VI and the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenus (https://goo.gl/g7HpN3).

In this new video, we will describe the Second Mithridatic War (83-81 BC) during which the Romans were commanded by Lucius Licinius Murena that culminated in the battle of Halys river and the Third Mithridatic War (73-63 BC). In this conflict Roman legions fought under Lucius Licinius Lucullus and he fought against the united forces of Pontus and Armenia. Lucullus had to battle Mithridates at Cyzicas and Tigranes II at Tigranocerta. The great Roman general Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) also took part in the later stage of the conflict. Hopefully, you are going to enjoy this video, because we are eager to cover the final conflict between the Romans and the Pontic kingdom during which Gaius Julius Caesar fought Pharnaces II.

 








  Gallic Wars (58-50 BC)

Gallic Wars

Gallic Wars (58-50 BC) (W)


A map of Gaul in the 1st century BC, showing the relative positions of the Helvetii and the Sequani.
 
   

The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes. Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium). While militarily just as strong as the Romans, the internal division between the Gallic tribes helped ease victory for Caesar, and Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls against Roman invasion came too late. The wars paved the way for Julius Caesar to become the sole ruler of the Roman Republic.

Although Caesar portrayed this invasion as being a preemptive and defensive action, most historians agree that the wars were fought primarily to boost Caesar's political career and to pay off his massive debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance to the Romans, as they had been attacked several times by native tribes both indigenous to Gaul and farther to the north. Conquering Gaul allowed Rome to secure the natural border of the river Rhine. The Gallic Wars are described by Julius Caesar in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico, which remains the most important historical source regarding the conflict.

Political background

As a result of the financial burdens of his consulship in 59 BC, Caesar incurred significant debt. However, through his membership in the First Triumvirate — the political alliance which comprised Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Pompey, and himself — Caesar had secured the proconsulship of two provinces, Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum. When the Governor of Transalpine GaulMetellus Celer, died unexpectedly, this province was also awarded to Caesar. Caesar's governorships were extended to a five-year period, a new idea at the time.

Caesar had initially four veteran legions under his direct command: Legio VIILegio VIIILegio IX Hispana, and Legio X. As he had been Governor of Hispania Ulterior in 61 BC and had campaigned successfully with them against the Lusitanians, Caesar knew personally most (perhaps even all) of these legions. Caesar also had the legal authority to levy additional legions and auxiliary units as he saw fit.

His ambition was to conquer and plunder some territories to get himself out of debt, and it is possible that Gaul was not his initial target. It is more likely that he was planning a campaign against the Kingdom of Dacia, located in the Balkans.

The countries of Gaul were civilized and wealthy. Most had contact with Roman merchants and some, particularly those that were governed by republics such as the Aedui and Helvetii, had enjoyed stable political alliances with Rome in the past.

The Romans respected and feared the Gallic tribes. Only fifty years before, in 109 BC, Italy had been invaded from the north and saved only after several bloody and costly battles by Gaius Marius. Around 62 BC, when a Roman client state, the Arverni, conspired with the Sequani and the Suebi nations east of the Rhine to attack the Aedui, a strong Roman ally, Rome turned a blind eye. The Sequani and Arverni sought Ariovistus’ aid and defeated the Aedui in 63 BC at the Battle of Magetobriga. The Sequani rewarded Ariovistus with land following his victory. Ariovistus settled the land with 120,000 of his people. When 24,000 Harudes joined his cause, Ariovistus demanded that the Sequani give him more land to accommodate the Harudes people. This demand concerned Rome because if the Sequani conceded, Ariovistus would be in a position to take all of the Sequani land and attack the rest of Gaul. They did not appear to be concerned about a conflict between non-client, client and allied states. By the end of the campaign, the non-client Suebi under the leadership of the belligerent Ariovistus, stood triumphant over both the Aedui and their co-conspirators. Fearing another mass migration akin to the devastating Cimbrian War, Rome, now keenly invested in the defense of Gaul, was irrevocably drawn into war.

 
Commanders and leaders
ROMAN REPUBLIC GAULS
Gaius Julius Caesar
Titus Labienus
Mark Antony
Quintus Tullius Cicero
Publius Licinius Crassus
Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
Servius Sulpicius Galba
Vercingetorix
Ambiorix
Indutiomarus
Commius
Ariovistus
Cassivellaunus

Strength
ROMAN REPUBLİC GAULS
~30,000 troops (6 under-strength legions plus cavalry auxiliaries) (58 BC) 4,000,000

Casualties and losses
ROMAN REP. GAULS
30,000+ killed,
10,000+ wounded
Plutarch and Appian
1,000,000 Celts killed in hand-to-hand combat
1,000,000+ Celts enslaved
430,000 Germans killed

Julius Caesar
800 towns destroyed
Caesar would also raid Britannia and Germania, but these expeditions never developed into full-scale invasions.
 
 

Map of the Gallic Wars.


The painting depicts the surrender of the Gallic chieftain after the Battle of Alesia (52 BC). The depiction of Gauls with long hair and mustaches is also called into question today. The horse is a Percheron, although at this time this breed was not in Gaul. The rectangular shield also does not accord with the time when they were mostly oval.

 




📹 Caesar and Gallic Wars — Battle of Bibracte 58 BC (VİDEO)

📹 Caesar and Gallic Wars — Battle of Bibracte 58 BC (LINK)

Our new animated historical documentary series will cover the battles of the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar and his conquest of Gaul. The first episode of the Gallic Wars series will describe the war against the Helvetii and their allies Boii, and the battles of Arar and Bibracte.

Tribe Supposed population census
Helvetii 263,000
Tulingi 36,000
Latobrigi 14,000
Rauraci 23,000
Boii 32,000
Supposed total 368,000
Supposed combatants 92,000

 



📹 Caesar vs Ariovistus — Battle of Vosges 58 BC (VİDEO)

📹 Caesar vs Ariovistus — Battle of Vosges 58 BC (LINK)

Our animated historical documentary on Caesar's Gallic War continues. Previously, we have covered the battle of Bibracte http://bit.ly/2RwCjCb Now both the Romans and the Gauls are threatened by the Germanic Suebi of Ariovistus and Caesar and his legions will have to fight the Suebi and their allies at the battle of Vosges.

Check out our video explaining the political situation in Rome prior to the Gallic Wars and the events around Sulla, Marius, Gracchi, and others: http://bit.ly/2RF3dbn

Caesar and Ariovistus (meeting before the battle) by Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger.

 



📹 Caesar vs Belgae — Battles of Axona and Sabis 57 BC (VİDEO)

📹 Caesar vs Belgae — Battles of Axona and Sabis 57 BC (LINK)

After defeating the Gallic alliance at the battle of Bibracte and the Germanic alliance at the battle of Vosges in 58 BC, Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar started to consolidate new conquests in Gaul. However, to the north, another Gallic alliance of the Belgae, who Ceaser called the bravest of the Gauls, was getting ready to challenge the dominance of Rome. Caesar was forced to face them at the battles of Axona and Sabis and these engagements proved to be among the most difficult during the Gallic Wars.

 



📹 Caesar in Britannia and Germania (VİDEO)

📹 Caesar in Britannia and Germania (LINK)

In the previous episodes of our animated historical documentary series on the Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar managed to defeat the Belgae and subjugated most of Gaul, however, political situation in Gaul and Rome forced him to embark on new campaigns: Between 56 and 55 BC Caesar defeated the Gallic Veneti and then became the first Roman to invade Germania and Britannia.

 



📹 Gergovia 52 BC — Caesar’s First Defeat (VİDEO)

📹 Gergovia 52 BC — Caesar’s First Defeat (LINK)

In our new video in the animated historical documentary series on the Gallic Wars, Gaius Julius Caesar will attack Britannia once again, fight off the Belgae rebellion led by Ambiorix and will meet Vercingetorix at the battle of Gergovia. Meanwhile, the political situation in Rome will deteriorate with the death of Crassus during the battle of Carrhae and Pompey was now moving towards the camp of Caesar's enemies...

Previous videos in this series: http://bit.ly/2SaDtDI

 



📹 Alesia 52 BC — Caesar's Gallic Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Alesia 52 BC — Caesar’s Gallic Wars (LINK)

Previously in our historical animated documentary series on the Gallic Wars of Gaius Julius Caesar, we have covered the battle of Gergovia http://bit.ly/2Sklcle between Vercingetorix and his Gallic alliance, and the legions of Caesar. Although the Romans were defeated in this battle and more Gauls joined the rebellion, Caesar didn't relent. The crucial battle of the rebellion took place at Alesia in 52 BC and that battle changed the course of history.

 




📹 Battle of Allia and Sack of Rome — Rise of the Republic (VİDEO)

📹 Battle of Allia and Sack of Rome — Rise of the Republic (LINK)

Most of the documentaries on the Roman history depict Rome at the peak of its glory, during the Late Republic and Early Empire. Yet, Rome started from the humble beginnings, as a singular city-state that struggled for its survival, and was on the brink of annihilation on many occasions. During one of them, the Gallic Senones led by their king Brennus defeated the Romans at Allia and then sacked the city. After a 7 months long siege, the city and the Republic were saved by Marcus Furius Camillus, who would enter history as the second founder of Rome.

 








  Roman-Parthian Wars

📹 Carrhae 53 BC — Roman-Parthian War (VİDEO)

📹 Carrhae 53 BC — Roman-Parthian War (LINK)

Previously we have made an animated historical documentary on the battle of Nisibis http://bit.ly/30vmmwO between the Roman and the Parthian empires. But that battle was far from first — two empires started fighting immediately after their borders touched and that war led to the iconic battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, during which the Romans of the triumvir Marcus Crassus fought against the Parthians of Surena.

 



📹 Nisibis, 217 AD — Roman-Parthian War (VİDEO)

📹 Nisibis, 217 AD — Roman-Parthian War (LINK)

The conflicts between the Empires of Iran and Rome started as soon as their borders collided and continued for many centuries starting with the Parthian triumph over the triumvir Crassus at Carrhae all the way to the bloody war of 602-628 between the Sassanids and the Byzantines, which changed the balance of power in the region forever. In our new animated historical documentary we will describe the Roman–Parthian War of 216-217, also known as the Parthian war of Caracalla. The fate of this conflict was decided by the battle of Nisibis in 217 AD.

 








  Germanic Wars (113 BC - 596 AD)
The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of the thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337
🔎


Germanic Wars

Germanic Wars (W)

"Germanic Wars" is a name given to a series of wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 596 AD. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century BC. The series of conflicts, which began in the 5th century under the Western Roman Emperor Honorius, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire.

Germanic Wars (LINK)
Germanic Wars


 





Roman-Germanic Wars (LINK)
Roman-Germanic Wars

Cimbrian War (113 BC – 101 BC)


Gallic Wars
 (58 BC – 57 BC)


Clades Lolliana
 (16 BC)

Early Imperial campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)


Marcomannic Wars
 (166–180)
(participating Roman units)


Gothic invasion of the Balkans (250–251)


Gothic invasion of the Balkans (254)


Heruli invasion of the Balkans (267–268)

 

Roman–Alemannic Wars

 

Gothic War (367–369)

Gothic War (376–382)

 

Visigothic Wars

Vandalic Wars

Anglo-Saxon Wars

Vandalic War (533–534)

Gothic War (535–554)

 




 




📹 Cimbrian War 113-101 BC — Roman-Germanic Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Cimbrian War 113-101 BC — Roman-Germanic Wars (LINK)

By the middle of the II century BC, Rome has become the dominant force in the Mediterranean. Carthage, Seleucids, Macedon, Greek Leagues, a number of Gallic and Celtiberian tribes were defeated, and it seemed that Rome is invincible. However, the economic and political situation in the Republic was degrading, and the rivalry between the patricians and the plebes reached its peak. It was then, in 113 BC Rome was attacked by the Germanic tribes for the first time. The Cimbri and Teutoni moved from Jutland and Germania and raided the Roman territory. After a number of defeats, among them at the battle of Arausio - which was the worst since Hannibal, Republic has found a new savior in Gaius Marius. This brilliant general reformed the legions and defeated the Germanic tribes at the battles of Aquae Sextae in 102 BC and Vercellae in 101 BC to end this threat. Although Marian Reform was essential for the future conquests, it also planted the seeds of the future civil wars and gave the opportunity to Sulla and Caesar to end the Republic.

 



📹 Teutoburg Forest 9 AD — Roman-Germanic Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Teutoburg Forest 9 AD — Roman-Germanic Wars (LINK)

In our previous historical animated documentaries we have covered the Cimbrian War, and although the Roman empire was a clear victor, the conflicts between the Romans and the Germanic tribes continued well into the imperial era. During the reign of Augustus, the Romans expanded beyond the Rhine river and that led to one of the most iconic battles in history - the battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

Other videos covering Roman-Germanic Wars:
Cimbrian War: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FpcD...
Battle of Vosges: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-YpP...

 



📹 Idistaviso 16 AD — Roman-Germanic Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Idistaviso 16 AD — Roman-Germanic Wars (LINK)

.In our previous animated historical documentary series on the Roman history, the Empire was defeated for the first time at the battle of the Teutoburg Forest by the German tribes under Arminus. But the Emperor Augusts, his successor Tiberius and the best Roman general of the time Germanicus were not planning to leave this without a response. These new campaigns culminated at the Battles of Idistaviso and the Angrivarian Wall of 16 AD.

 



📹 Battle of Ad Decimum 533 / Roman-Vandalic War (VİDEO)

📹 Battle of Ad Decimum 533 / Roman-Vandalic War (LINK)

Although the best general of the Roman Emperor Justinian Belisarius earned a significant victory over the Sassanids during the battle of Dara in 530, the restoration of the Empire was just starting. Empires western lands were under Germanic control, and Justinian was eager to get them back. He sent Belisarius to Africa to deal with the Vandals. Two battles — Ad Decimum and Tricamarum — were central in this campaign.

 








  Seljuq-Roman Wars

Seljuq-Roman Wars

Seljuq-Roman Wars (W)

The Byzantine-Seljuq Wars (Turkish: Bizans-Selçuklu Savaşları) were a series of decisive battles that shifted the balance of power in Asia Minor and Syria from the European Byzantine Empire to the Central AsianSeljuq.

Riding from the steppes of Central Asia, the Seljuq replicated tactics practiced by the Huns hundreds of years earlier against a similar Roman opponent but now combining it with new-found Islamic zeal; in many ways, the Seljuq resumed the conquests of the Muslims in the Byzantine–Arab Wars initiated by the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abassid Caliphate in the Levant, North Africa and Asia Minor.

Today, the Battle of Manzikert is widely seen as the moment when the Byzantines lost the war against the Turks; however the Byzantine military was of questionable quality before 1071 with regular Turkish incursions overrunning the failing theme system. Even after Manzikert, Byzantine rule over Asia Minor did not end immediately, nor were any heavy concessions levied by the Turks on their opponents – it took another 20 years before the Turks were in control of the entire Anatolian peninsula and not for long either.

During the course of the war, the Seljuq Turks and their allies attacked the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, capturing Jerusalem and catalyzing the call for the First Crusade. Crusader assistance to the Byzantine Empire was mixed with treachery and looting, although substantial gains were made in the First Crusade. Within a hundred years of Manzikert, the Byzantines had (with Crusader assistance) successfully driven back the Turks from the coasts of Asia Minor and extended their influence right down to Palestine and even Egypt. Later, the Byzantines were unable to extract any more assistance, and the Fourth Crusade even led to the sack of Constantinople. Before the conflict petered out, the Seljuqs managed to take more territory from the weakened Empire of Nicaea until the Sultanate itself was taken over by the Mongols, leading to the rise of the ghazis and the conclusive Byzantine–Ottoman wars.

 



📹 Battle of Manzikert 1071 / Byzantine-Seljuq Wars (VİDEO)

Battle of Manzikert 1071 / Byzantine-Seljuq Wars (LINK)

The Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt, Manavazkert) of 1071 was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the new nomadic conquerors from Central Asia — the Seljuk Sultanate. This battle was decisive in changing the ethnic and the religious outlook of Anatolia, and probably was the reason Crusades from Western Europe began.

 








  Arab-Roman Wars (629-1050s)

Arab-Byzantine wars

Arab-Byzantine wars (W)

The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars between the mostly Arab Muslims and the Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, started during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.

The emergence of Muslim Arabs from Arabia in the 630s resulted in the rapid loss of Byzantium’s southern provinces (Syria and Egypt) to the Arab Caliphate.

Over the next fifty years, under the Umayyad caliphs, the Arabs would launch repeated raids into still-Byzantine Asia Minor, twice threaten the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, with conquest, and outright conquer the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa.

The situation did not stabilize until after the failure of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 718, when the Taurus Mountains on the eastern rim of Asia Minor became established as the mutual, heavily fortified and largely depopulated frontier. Under the Abbasid Empire, relations became more normal, with embassies exchanged and even periods of truce, but conflict remained the norm, with almost annual raids and counter-raids, sponsored either by the Abbasid government or by local rulers, well into the 10th century.

During the first centuries, the Byzantines were usually on the defensive, and avoided open field battles, preferring to retreat to their fortified strongholds. Only after 740 did they begin to launch counterstrikes of their own, but still the Abbasid Empire was able to retaliate with often massive and destructive invasions of Asia Minor. With the decline and fragmentation of the Abbasid state after 861 and the concurrent strengthening of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty, the tide gradually turned. Over a period of fifty years from ca. 920 to 976, the Byzantines finally broke through the Muslim defences and restored their control over northern Syria and Greater Armenia. The last century of the Arab-Byzantine wars was dominated by frontier conflicts with the Fatimids in Syria, but the border remained stable until the appearance of a new people, the Seljuk Turks, after 1060.

The Arabs also took to the sea, and from the 650s on, the entire Mediterranean Sea became a battleground, with raids and counter-raids being launched against islands and the coastal settlements. Arab raids reached a peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries, after the conquests of CreteMalta and Sicily, with their fleets reaching the coasts of France and Dalmatia and even the suburbs of Constantinople.

 



Battle of Yarmouk

Battle of Yarmouk (W)

The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate. The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmouk River, along what today are the borders of Syria–Jordan and Syria–Israel, east of the Sea of Galilee. The result of the battle was a complete Muslim victory which ended Byzantine rule in Syria. The Battle of Yarmouk is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, and it marked the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, heralding the rapid advance of Islam into the then Christian Levant.

In order to check the Arab advance and to recover lost territory, Emperor Heraclius had sent a massive expedition to the Levant in May 636. As the Byzantine army approached, the Arabs tactically withdrew from Syria and regrouped all their forces at the Yarmouk plains close to the Arabian Peninsula, where, after being reinforced, they defeated the numerically superior Byzantine army. The battle is considered to be one of Khalid ibn al-Walid’s greatest military victories. It cemented his reputation as one of the greatest tacticians and cavalry commanders in history.

Date 15-20 August 636
Location Near the Yarmouk River, in Jordan
Belligerents
Rashidun Caliphate Byzantine Empire,
Ghassanid Kingdom
Tanukhid Foederati
Strength
15,000-20,000 (modern estimates)
24,000-40,000 (primary sources)

15,000-150,000 (modern estimates)
100,000-200,000 (primary Arab sources)
140,000 (primary Roman sources)

Casualties and losses
3000 killed

45% or 50,000+ killed (modern estimates)
70,000-120,000 killed (primary sources)

🗺️

Muslim and Byzantine Troop Movements before the battle of Yarmouk. Modern countries indicated.


 




📹 Battle of Yarmouk (Eastern Roman Empire vs Rashidun) (VİDEO)

Battle of Yarmouk (Eastern Roman Empire vs Rashidun) (LINK)

Battle of Yarmouk (20 August 636 CE/11 Rajab 15 H) was fought between the forces of Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and Rashidun Caliphate in Syria near Yarmouk river. Roman army was doubled the size of Rashidun forces and better equipped, hardened by their losses in 634 CE from early Rashidun advancement.

Roman army was led by General Vahan, and Rashidun forces was led by Khalid Ibn Al-Walid. The battle initially commenced by duel between officers of both armies in 15 August 636 CE, but the Rashidun won most of the duel. The moderate battle engagement followed for another 5 days. In the beginning, outnumbered and lightly equipped Rashidun forces were pushed down by Roman with superior number and equipment. Nevertheless the Rashidun forces hold their ground vigorously, emboldened by their faith, Islam.

As the battle progressed, Khalid use the advantage of their light cavalry, mobility. While Roman army deployed their heavy cavalry to counter rashidun cavalry movement. But Rashidun light cavalry managed to rout roman cavalry (which is suited for supporting role for the roman army, as the Romans put their best effort at their heavy infantry). Soon roman infantry were outflanked by vigorous rashidun infantrymen in the front and Rashidun light cavalry at their rear.

Even though the roman had most of the advantages, the Rashidun forces were able to defeat Roman Army, even Roman general, Vahan was killed in the battle.

This defeat bring Damascus to the Rashidun hand once again and forced most of the Roman army retreated to Anatolia.

 



📹 Battle of Yarmouk 636 (Early Muslim Invasion) (VİDEO)

Battle of Yarmouk, 636 (Early Muslim Invasion) (LINK)

In our previous video, we covered the Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628. As that conflict and Initial Muslim Invasion are connected, we decided to make the video on the Battle of Yarmouk that took place in 636 between Byzantine Empire (Vahan) and Rashidun Caliphate (Khalid ibn Al Walid). Although it was the Byzantine-Sasanian War that allowed Islamic Invasion to happen, the battle of Yarmouk was decisive for Roman attempts to defend, and its results are still felt in the region.

 



📹 Siege of Damascus, 634 / Arab-Byzantine Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Siege of Damascus, 634 / Arab-Byzantine Wars (LINK)

Previously in our animated documentary series on the early Muslim expansion, we have covered the battles of:

Yarmouk (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ct4O...),
al-Qadisiyyah (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01z7h...),
Talas (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VH9Uh...) and
the siege of Constantinople of 717-718 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4Btm...).


However, one crucial confrontation in the conquest of the Roman Syria by Khalid ibn al-Walid was missed — the Siege of Damascus in 634. So, now you can learn more about the events which led up to the battle of Yarmouk.

 



📹 Siege of Constantinople 717-718 / Arab-Roman Wars (VİDEO)

📹 Siege of Constantinople 717-718 / Arab-Roman Wars (LINK)

The forces of the Rashidun Caliphate achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Yarmouk in 636. This allowed the Muslims to take over Syria and Egypt. But the Eastern Roman Empire was still strong and continued its resistance. The next 80 years Byzantines fought against the onslaught and the Arab-Byzantine wars reached their peak during the Siege of Constantinople in 717-718 where emperor Leo assisted by the Bulgars of Khan Tervel faced the overwhelming odds against the Umayyad forces. This battle is often overlooked in comparison to the battle of Tours that happened in France, but it was bigger and scale and had an even bigger impact on the fate of Europe.

 








  Roman-Sasanian wars

‘Byzantine’-Sasanian wars

‘Byzantine’-Sasanian wars (W)

The Byzantine–Sasanian wars, also known as the Irano-Byzantine wars refers to a series of conflicts between the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Sassanian Empire of Persia. A continuation of the Roman–Persian Wars, the conflict involved several smaller campaigns and peace treaties lasting for years at a time.


Pre-Islamic Byzantine.


Byzantine-Sasanian wars


Roman–Sasanian wars

Rise of the Sasanian dynasty

Following Trajan's successful conquest of Mesopotamia in the 2nd century, the Parthian Empire began to decline. Ctesiphon was overrun by the Romans but the lack of any permanent establishment meant that the Sassanid dynasty filled the power vacuum in the region and started a new Persian Empire in 224. The Sasanians were a more aggressive enemy than their Parthian predecessors and consequently, the Romans found themselves fighting a more dangerous Eastern opponent at a time when the Roman Empire was weakening due to the civil chaos arising from the death of the Roman Emperor Commodus.

Roman–Parthian Wars

Siege of Constantinople (626) (W)

The Siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines. The failure of the siege saved the Empire from collapse, and, combined with other victories achieved by Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) the previous year and in 627, enabled Byzantium to regain its territories and end the destructive Roman–Persian Wars by enforcing a treaty with borders status quo c. 590.

Assessment (W)

The siege of 626 failed because the Avars did not have the patience or technology to conquer the city. Though the Persians were experts in siege warfare, the walls of Constantinople proved to defend easily against the siege towers and engines, amongst the reasons being that the former could not move their siege equipment to the European side of the Bosphorus (which was heavily guarded), where their Avar and Slavic allies were initially stationed. Furthermore, the Persians and Slavs did not have a strong enough navy to ignore the sea walls and establish a channel of communication. The lack of supplies for the Avars eventually caused them to abandon the siege.




The Siege of Constantinople in 626 depicted on the murals of the Moldovița MonasteryRomania.



Depiction of the siege from the Chronicle of Constantine Manasses.

 



📹 Battle of Dara, 530 — Roman-Sassanid Iberian War (VİDEO)

📹 Battle of Dara, 530 — Roman-Sassanid Iberian War (LINK)

The fall of the Western Roman Empire prompted a response from the Eastern Empire. Emperor Justinian was eager to restore Rome to its former glory, but he first needed to deal with the Sassanid Empire to the East. Iberian War of 526-532 gave him this chance, ashis new commander Belisarius showed his mettle and talent in the battle of Dara and other engagements. This series will continue, if it gets enough support, so don't hesitate to suggest this video to your friends.

 



📹 Roman-Sasanian War of 602-628 (VİDEO)

📹 Roman-Sasanian War of 602-628 (LINK)

This video is dedicated to the war of 602-628 between the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) and Sassanid Shahdom. This conflict was the very last that happened between these two empires, as shortly after it ended, Sasanians were conquered by the Caliphate. The sheer devastation and meaninglessness of this war allowed it to be a turning point in the human history.

 








  Justinian’s Wars

📹 Battle of Dara, 530 — Roman-Sassanid Iberian War (VİDEO)

📹 Battle of Dara, 530 — Roman-Sassanid Iberian War (LINK)

The fall of the Western Roman Empire prompted a response from the Eastern Empire. Emperor Justinian was eager to restore Rome to its former glory, but he first needed to deal with the Sassanid Empire to the East. Iberian War of 526-532 gave him this chance, ashis new commander Belisarius showed his mettle and talent in the battle of Dara and other engagements. This series will continue, if it gets enough support, so don't hesitate to suggest this video to your friends.

 



📹 Battle of Ad Decimum, 533 — Roman-Vandalic War (VİDEO)

📹 Battle of Ad Decimum, 533 — Roman-Vandalic War (LINK)

.Although the best general of the Roman Emperor Justinian Belisarius earned a significant victory over the Sassanids during the battle of Dara in 530, the restoration of the Empire was just starting. Empires western lands were under Germanic control, and Justinian was eager to get them back. He sent Belisarius to Africa to deal with the Vandals. Two battles - Ad Decimum and Tricamarum were central in this campaign.

 



📹 Siege of Rome, 537-538 — Roman-Gothic War (VİDEO)

📹 Siege of Rome, 537-538 — Roman-Gothic War (LINK)

During the Vandalic War, the best general of Emperor Justinian, Belisarius, reconquered the province of Africa from the Vandals of Gelimer at the battles of Ad Decimum and Tricamarum. The province was back under the imperial control, but it was just the beginning, as taking Italy and Rome from the Ostrogoths was the real goal. Belisarius entered Rome with ease but had to defend it against the king Vitiges in 537-538. The Gothic War was just starting ...

 



📹 Justinian’s Restoration — Battles of Taginae (552) and Volturnus (554) (VİDEO)

📹 Justinian’s Restoration — Battles of Taginae (552) and Volturnus (554) (LINK)

.The Restoration of Justinian led by Justinian and his general Belisarius began in the early 530s and was very successful early on: Eternal Peace with the Sassanid shah Khosrow was signed after the battle of Dara and the conclusion of the Iberian War, the Vandals were defeated at Ad Decimum and Tricamarum in 533, and then Belisarius landed in Italy and took Rome. The Ostrogoths besieged the city in 537, but Belisarius survived a year-long siege. With new forces in the area, the things were looking bright for the Roman Empire, but soon Belisarius lost the confidence of Justinian and entered into a conflict with another commander - Narses. All that, the Sassanid attack in the East, the start of the Justinian's Plague and invasion of Italy by the Franks prolonged the Gothic War. The conflict would culminate at the battles of Taginae and Volturnus.

 








  Wars of Octavian

📹 Battle of Actium (31 BC) — Final War of the Roman Republic (VİDEO)

📹 Battle of Actium (31 BC) — Final War of the Roman Republic (LINK)

In this video we are going to cover the Final war of the Roman Republic between general Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) and queen of Egypt Cleopatra on one side and Gaius Octavian (Octavius) Caesar on the other. This war ended the republic and made Octavian the first emperor of Rome. The naval battle of Actium (31 BC) was central in this conflict - it was one of the largest naval engagements of the ancient times and probably one of the most decisive.

 








  Roman Army

📹 Roman Armies and Tactics — Praetorians (VİDEO)

📹 Roman Armies and Tactics — Praetorians (LINK)

Our new video in the animated historical documentary series on the evolution of the armies and tactics covers the Roman Praetorians, who served the emperors, but also were instrumental in the coups and intrigues.

 



📹 Marian Reforms and their Military Effects (VİDEO)

📹 Marian Reforms and their Military Effects (LINK)

By the end of the II century BC, Rome became the dominant state in the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage, Macedon and the Seleucids, yet the internal problems and the arrival of the Germanic Cimbri showed that the victorious Roman legions are in need of a reform. Although some of the changes were started to be implemented previously, it was the new brilliant general — Gaius Marius, who reformed the legions, changing almost all aspects of their fighting and paving the way to more conquests. Unfortunately, for the Republic, this military reform would have a long-standing effect on the political life and would make the likes of Sulla, Caesar, Pompey, and others very powerful .

 



📹 Military Reforms of Augustus (VİDEO)

📹 Military Reforms of Augustus (LINK)

It is widely accepted that Augustus is one of the most important people in the Roman history. In this video we will describe the reforms he enacted to improve the structure of the Roman legions, which made the Roman Empire more stable and was one of the reasons why it survived for so long.

 



📹 Varangians — Elite Bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors (VİDEO)

📹 Varangians — Elite Bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors (LINK)

We are continuing our new animated historical documentary series on the armies and tactics of the past with a video on the Varangians, who served as the elite bodyguards of the emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire. These loyal and skilled warriors, mostly of the Norse and Saxon ancestry saved the emperors on many occasions, both in battles and in peace.

 



📹 Armies and Tactics — Roman Legion Against Carthage and Hannibal (VİDEO)

📹 Armies and Tactics — Roman Legion Against Carthage and Hannibal (LINK)

Punic wars were one of the central events for the history of the Roman Republic. Featuring the generals like Quintus Fabius Maximus and Hamilcar, Publius Cornelius Scipio and Hannibal, and the battles like Cannae, Zama and Lake Trasimene this conflict allowed Rome to dominate the Mediterranean basin. But how did the Carthaginians fight? What was the composition of their armies and how did they match up against the Roman legions? Let's find out in this documentary.

 



📹 Roman Imperial Cavalry — Armies and Tactics DOCUMENTARY (VİDEO)

📹 Roman Imperial Cavalry — Armies and Tactics DOCUMENTARY (LINK)

Our animated historical documentary series on the evolution of Roman armies and tactics continues with a video on the Roman cavalry forces of the Imperial period. As the Roman empire started facing cavalry heavy Germanic, Nomadic and Iranian armies, it became clear that the lack of elite cavalry makes it suspect to defeats, so the emperors started reforming the cavalry units.

 








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