Haçlı Seferleri
CKM 2018-19 / Aziz Yardımlı

 

Haçlı Seferleri



  Crusades 1095-1291
A map of the crusaders’ journey during the first to fourth crusades
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  Haçlı Seferleri 1095-1291 — Güdüler, Nedenler, Etkiler

🛑 DİN KAVRAMI VE HAÇLI SEFERLERİ

  • Din Kavramında “kutsal toprak” tarzında dışsallıklar için ayrılmış yer yoktur.
  Özdeksel nesnelere “kutsallık” yüklemek putperestliktir ve insan aptallığının sürmesini sağlar.
 
  • Haçlı Seferleri Roma Katolik Kilisesi tarafından başlatılan “dinsel savaşlar” ya da “kutsal savaşlar”dır (İspanya’nın kurtarılması — reconquisita — ile aynı zamanda yer aldılar).

 

  • Germanik etnisite tarafından belirlenen Orta Çağlar Avrupasının karakteristiklerinden biri devletsizliktir.
  • Feodalizm devletin yokluğunda ortaya çıkan ve yasa değil ama kaba güç üzerine dayanan toplum yapısıdır.
  • Feodalizm lord-serf ilişkisi ile belirlenir.

 

  • Feodal yaşam ahlak dışıdır.
  • Feodal yaşam etik dışıdır.
  • Feodal yaşam yasa dışıdır.

 

  • Moral yargının yokluğunda, yalnızca dürtüsel kararlar ve eylemler vardır.
  • Moral gelişimin yokluğunda din kavramına uygun bir dinsel kültür yoktur.
  • Katolik Kilisesi Hıristiyan değildir.
  • Avrupa’da moral uyanış Reformasyon ile başlar (yalnızca başlar).
  • Orta Çağların ‘Hıristiyanlığı’ boşinançlar ile yüklü bir paganizmdir.
  • Papalık, keşişlik, genel olarak kurumsal kilise Hıristiyanlığa ve din kavramına ait olmayan belirlenimlerdir.
  • Katolik Kilise kendini insan ve Tanrı arasında zorunlu bir aracı olarak kabul ettirdi.
  • İncil’in çevrilmesi, basılması, yayılması, genel olarak inananlar tarafından okunması bütün Karanlık Çağlar boyunca yasaktı.
  • Duyunç özgürlüğü duyunç üzerindeki tüm dışsal yetkeyi ortadan kaldırır, insanı birey olma zorunluğu ile yüz yüze bırakır, ve moral yargı yeteneğinin gelişiminin koşuludur.
   
 

Özgürlük bilincinin yokluğu ile belirlenen despotik ön-modern dönemde zor ve şiddet hak sorunlarını çözmenin biricik geçerli yoludur. Despotik kültür özgürlük bilincinin yoksunluğu ile belirlenir ve bunun birinci sonucu moral yargının yokluğu ve dolayısıyla hak sorunlarının güç yoluyla çözülmesidir. Güç imparatorluğun tekeline alınıncaya dek, hak sorunlarının çözümü duyunçsuz halklar ve bireyler tarafından üstlenilir.

Ön-modern devlet tekerkliktir ve istençsiz uyrukların boyun-eğmesi üzerine dayanır. Buna göre toplumsal düzen özgür insan ilişkilerinin olmaktan çok korkunun ürünüdür. Avrupa’nın karanlık orta çağları bütününde devletlerin yokluğu ile belirlenir ve "Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu" bir "imparatorluk" değil, yalnızca bir zor ve şiddet kültürü olan feodalizme uyarlanmış bir tür Germanik konfederasyon idi.

Feodal Avrupa’da Roma Katolik Kilisesi başlıca dünyasal bir güç olmakla ilgileniyordu ve Hıristiyanlık ile salt göstermelik bir ilişkisi vardı. Haçlı seferlerinin güdüsü Katolik Kilisenin boşinançları tarafından beslendi ve feodal derebeyler tarafından yerine getirildi. Görünürdeki dinsel amaçların altında, gerçekte birer yağma ve fetih eylemleri idiler.

 
  • Haçlı Seferleri Roma İmparatorluğunu yıkan feodal-barbar kitlelerin Roma Katolik Kilisesi tarafından güdülendirilen eylemleri olarak tarihsel bir anomalidir.
  • Haçlı Seferleri 1095’te başladı ve 1291’de Latin Hıristiyanların Suriye’deki krallıklarının yok edilmesi ile sonlandı.
  • Yüzeysel gerekçeleri:
    — paganizmin ve heretikliğin bastırılması;
    — Katolik gruplar arasındaki çatışmaların çözüme bağlanması;
    — politik üstünlük ve toprak kazanımı.
  • Seferler birçok Hıristiyan tarafından günahların bağışlanması için bir araç olarak görüldü; başkaları tarafından bir yağma aracı olarak.
  • 14’üncü yüzyılda Osmanlılara karşı da sürdürülen Haçlı Seferleri Protestan Reformasyondan sonra papalık yetkesinin zayıflaması ile hızla ortadan kalktı.
 

The Crusades — Top 10 Victories

The Crusades — Top 10 Victories (W)

COMMENTS

“I find it very sad that people today view the Crusades as a disgrace. Even Christians don't like to bring it up. It has been used by Hollywood, politicians, and mainstream media as a bludgeon with which to bash over people heads that religion causes wars. The legacy of some of the greatest leaders and military campaigns in history has been utterly destroyed.”

“If only the Crusade to Varna was a success, the tables would have turned on the Ottoman right there.”

“Truly the Crusades were the pinnacle of human history. Deus Vult, brudder. Love your enthusiastic narrative.”

 



 
   
Peter the Hermit Preaching the First Crusade.


  • 1095’te Papa Urban II ilk haçlı seferleri için çağrıda bulundu.
 

Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095

Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095 (L)

In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, sent to the pope, Urban II, and asked for aid from the west against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of Asia Minor from him. At the council of Clermont Urban addressed a great crowd and urged all to go to the aid of the Greeks and to recover Palestine from the rule of the Muslims. The acts of the council have not been preserved, but we have five accounts of the speech of Urban which were written by men who were present and heard him.

Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095 (LINK)
Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095

1. Fulcher of Chartres

[adapted from Thatcher] Here is the one by the chronicler Fulcher of Chartres. Note how the traditions of the peace and truce of God - aimed at bringing about peace in Christendom - ties in directly with the call for a Crusade. Does this amount to the export of violence?

Most beloved brethren: Urged by necessity, I, Urban, by the permission of God chief bishop and prelate over the whole world, have come into these parts as an ambassador with a divine admonition to you, the servants of God. I hoped to find you as faithful and as zealous in the service of God as I had supposed you to be. But if there is in you any deformity or crookedness contrary to God's law, with divine help I will do my best to remove it. For God has put you as stewards over his family to minister to it. Happy indeed will you be if he finds you faithful in your stewardship. You are called shepherds; see that you do not act as hirelings. But be true shepherds, with your crooks always in your hands. Do not go to sleep, but guard on all sides the flock committed to you. For if through your carelessness or negligence a wolf carries away one of your sheep, you will surely lose the reward laid up for you with God. And after you have been bitterly scourged with remorse for your faults-, you will be fiercely overwhelmed in hell, the abode of death. For according to the gospel you are the salt of the earth [Matt. 5:13]. But if you fall short in your duty, how, it may be asked, can it be salted? O how great the need of salting! It is indeed necessary for you to correct with the salt of wisdom this foolish people which is so devoted to the pleasures of this -world, lest the Lord, when He may wish to speak to them, find them putrefied by their sins unsalted and stinking. For if He, shall find worms, that is, sins, In them, because you have been negligent in your duty, He will command them as worthless to be thrown into the abyss of unclean things. And because you cannot restore to Him His great loss, He will surely condemn you and drive you from His loving presence. But the man who applies this salt should be prudent, provident, modest, learned, peaceable, watchful, pious, just, equitable, and pure. For how can the ignorant teach others? How can the licentious make others modest? And how can the impure make others pure? If anyone hates peace, how can he make others peaceable ? Or if anyone has soiled his hands with baseness, how can he cleanse the impurities of another? We read also that if the blind lead the blind, both will fall into the ditch [Matt. 15:14]. But first correct yourselves, in order that, free from blame , you may be able to correct those who are subject to you. If you wish to be the friends of God, gladly do the things which you know will please Him. You must especially let all matters that pertain to the church be controlled by the law of the church. And be careful that simony does not take root among you, lest both those who buy and those who sell [church offices] be beaten with the scourges of the Lord through narrow streets and driven into the place of destruction and confusion. Keep the church and the clergy in all its grades entirely free from the secular power. See that the tithes that belong to God are faithfully paid from all the produce of the land; let them not be sold or withheld. If anyone seizes a bishop let him be treated as an outlaw. If anyone seizes or robs monks, or clergymen, or nuns, or their servants, or pilgrims, or merchants, let him be anathema [that is, cursed]. Let robbers and incendiaries and all their accomplices be expelled from the church and anthematized. If a man who does not give a part of his goods as alms is punished with the damnation of hell, how should he be punished who robs another of his goods? For thus it happened to the rich man in the gospel [Luke 16:19]; he was not punished because he had stolen the goods of another, but because he had not used well the things which were his.

"You have seen for a long time the great disorder in the world caused by these crimes. It is so bad in some of your provinces, I am told, and you are so weak in the administration of justice, that one can hardly go along the road by day or night without being attacked by robbers; and whether at home or abroad one is in danger of being despoiled either by force or fraud. Therefore it is necessary to reenact the truce, as it is commonly called, which was proclaimed a long time ago by our holy fathers. I exhort and demand that you, each, try hard to have the truce kept in your diocese. And if anyone shall be led by his cupidity or arrogance to break this truce, by the authority of God and with the sanction of this council he shall be anathematized."

After these and various other matters had been attended to, all who were present, clergy and people, gave thanks to God and agreed to the pope's proposition. They all faithfully promised to keep the decrees. Then the pope said that in another part of the world Christianity was suffering from a state of affairs that was worse than the one just mentioned. He continued:

"Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. Freshly quickened by the divine correction, you must apply the strength of your righteousness to another matter which concerns you as well as God. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it.

"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let hem eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide."

Source:

Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, 1, pp. 382 f., trans in Oliver J. Thatcher, and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History, (New York: Scribners, 1905), 513-17



 



 
 
  • Amaç Anadolu’yu kolonileştiren Türklere karşı Roma İmparatorluğunu korumak idi ve bunun için 40.000 kişilik bir güç oluşturuldu.
  • Birinci Haçlı Seferi Fransa ve Almanya’da pogromlar ile başladı, sayısız Yahudi ve Hıristiyan yok edildi ve malları yağmalandı.
 

Rhineland Massacre. Massacre of the Jews of Metz during the First Crusade, by Auguste Migette. (W)

 

Siege of Antioch, (20 October 1097-28 June 1098). This marked the arrival of the First Crusade in the Holy Land. Events set a pattern of betrayal, massacre, and heroism that was to mark future campaigns. By capturing Antioch, the crusaders secured lines of supply and reinforcement to the west. — Scenes from the First Crusade (People's Crusade), illustration by Sebastian Marmoret, c. 1490.


  • 1097’de İznik ele geçirildi.
  • Selçuklu bölüngüler kendi aralarında savaşırken Fatımiler (al-Afdal) Haçlılara yansızlık güvencesi verdiler.
  • 1098’de Antakya, 1099’da Kudüs alındı.
  • Altı büyük Seferin yanısıra birçok önemsiz sefer de yer aldı.
  • Birinci Haçlı Seferi başarılı oldu ve dört Haçlı devleti kuruldu (Antakya, Edessa (Urfa), Kudüs ve Tripoli (Trablus)).
  • İki yüzyıl süren Haçlı Seferleri bütününde başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı.
  • Seferler sırasında sayısız Müslüman, Hıristiyan ve Yahudi yok edildi.
 

Eleanor of Aquitaine marrying Louis VII in 1137 (left scene) and Louis VII departing on the Second Crusade (1147), drawing from Les Chroniques de Saint-Denis, late 14th century.

Avrupa’da 1000 Yıllık Karanlık

  • “Orta Çağlar” terimi yalnızca Avrupa tarihine aittir (5-15’inci yüzyıllar), ve Batı Asya’yı, genel olarak Dünya Tarihini ilgilendirmez.
  • Kuzey Avrupa (Germenler, Keltler, Slavlar) coğrafi yalıtılmışlık içinde dünya tarihine geç katılan etnik-göçebe-barbar kültür alanları idi (Kuzey Avrupa’da tarih-öncesi Sümerler ile karşılaştırma içinde 3.000 yıl daha geç sonlanır).
  • Göreli olarak uygar Akdeniz bölgesi dışında, barbar kültüründen feodal şiddet kültürüne geçiş sürecinde Avrupa birincil olarak bir gerilik ve şiddet arenası idi.
  • Henüz herhangi bir moral nitelikten bütünüyle yoksundu ve etik bir yapılanmanın başlangıcı yüzyıllar boyu uzakta yatıyordu.
 

Avustralya aborijinleri Avrupalılardan çok önce dil kullanma yeteneğini kazandılar.
Hallstatt (İÖ 650-450) ve onu izleyen La Tène (İÖ 450-100) kültürleri tarım ve metal işleme üzerine dayalı kabile kültürleri idiler (ve bir kültür aşaması yalıtılma içinde değişmeden ve gelişmeden binlerce yıl sürebilir). Güney uygarlıkları (Etrüsk, Yunan) ile tecim ilişkileri homo sapiensin bu uygarlıktan uzak Kuzey Avrupa bölgesini tarih-öncesinden tarihe döndürmek için yeterli olmadı. Roma da Germanik barbarlığı uygarlığa dönüştürmeyi başaramadı (tam tersine, Roma Batıda karanlık çağlar denilen dönemin içerisine soğruldu). Kuzeyin kabileleri güneyin kentileri ile karşılaştıkları zaman, bu uygarlığı anlamak için yeterli kavramsal ve dilsel donatımdan yoksun idiler. Sonuç Roma’nın bu kabileler tarafından nüfuslandırılan Batı bölümünde uygarlığın dağılması oldu. Roma burada politik yapısı, sanatı, erdem ve moral karakteri, etik ve yasal yapısı ile tarihten silindi. Klasik tin yitti ve Katolik tin doğdu. Giderek Latince bile bütünüyle unutuldu ve yeri daha sonra İtalyanca olacak alan yerel bir lehçeler türlülüğü tarafından alındı. Yine bu kültür alanı Katolik inanç biçimini türetti ve sürmekte olan Roma İmparatorluğunu heretik olarak ve düşman olarak görmeye başladı. 1204'te Konstantinopolis Haçlı orduları tarafından fethedildi ve yağmalandı. Bu Germanik-Keltik kültür “Roma¨nın yalnızca adını alarak kendine “Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu” adını verirken asıl Roma ise “Bizans” yapıldı.

 

  • Katolik Hıristiyanlık açıkça putperest öğler kapsıyordu.
  • Roma’nın mitolojik tanrılarının hiyerarşisinin yeri Katolik inanç biçiminde papadan keşişlere dek insan hiyerarşisi tarafından alındı.
  • Roma Katolik Kilisesi nüfusun moral, etik ve kültürel gelişimi için tüm yolları kapadı.
  • 11’inci yüzyıl sonunda Hıristiyan dünyanın yaklaşık üçte ikisi Müslümanlar tarafından ele geçirilmişti ve bütünsel bir istila korkusu yaygındı.
  • Feodal Avrupa politik bir yapılanmadan, devletlerden, yasa egemenliği denebilecek herhangi bir düzenden bütünüyle yoksundu.
  • Varolan ‘krallar’ gerçekte yalnızca yoksul feodal derebeyleri idi.
  • Feodal yaşamın dünyasal bir anlamı ve ereği yoktur ve duyunçsuz ve istençsiz bir kültür olarak herhangi bir değişim dinamiğinden de yoksundur.
  • Doğumdan ölüme tüm yaşamı denetleyen Roma Katolik Kilisesi betimlenemez yozluğu içinde sürüsünü ‘dünyanın sonu’ için hazırlamakla ilgileniyordu.
  • “Karolen Rönesansı” sırasında, Charlemagne ve yanındaki soylular adlarını nasıl yazacaklarını öğrenme çabasına girişmişlerdi.
  • Katolik karakterli Rönesans ile karşıtlık içinde, dinsel yetkeyi yadsıyan Protestan Reformasyon Avrupa’da, aslında bütün bir Dünya Tarihinde duyunç özgürlüğünün, böylece bireysel özgürlüğün, ve böylece modern dönemin doğuşunun yolunu açtı.
  • Modern Tinin gelişimi, tıpkı onun tarihsel öncülü olan İslamik dünyada uygar olan herşey durumunda olduğu gibi, Klasik dünyanın ussal kültürel birikimi üzerine koşulludur.

 

  • Dante bir pasifist idi ve İtalyan kent-devletlerinin ya da başka Avrupa güçlerinin kendi aralarındaki savaşları aklamadı. Dante yalnızca Haçlı Seferlerini kutladı ve kutsadı ve Haçlı askerler için Paradiso’da yer ayırdı.
 

Dante’nin Yazınsal Haçlı Seferi —

Tanrısal Komedya şiddeti dinin bir bileşeni olarak görür ve pasivist Dante kutsal savaşları egemen devletler arasındaki toprak savaşlarından ya da başka savaşlardan ayırdeder.

🛑

“The rewards awarded [by Dante] to Crusader soldiers in his Paradise demonstrate that the poet’s views on war are more subtly nuanced. While Dante may have taken issue with the wars and conflicts between the various Italian city-states or other European powers, he appeared to recognize the Crusaders’ efforts as satisfying a higher calling worthy of salvation that did not apply to all soldiers. The Divine Comedy implied that holy wars are separate from territorial or political disputes between sovereigns and therefore justifiable.” (LINK)

 



 

“In Canto IV the Pilgrim and Virgil first “descend into the sightless world,” entering the First Circle, also known as Limbo.49While rubbing shoulders with the virtuous pagans of Limbo, Dante’s Pilgrim met with great figures of Western history, including Homer, Horace, Ovid, Aeneas, Hector, Lucius Brutus, and even Julius Caesar. The presence of these figures was easily explained by Virgil, who told the Pilgrim that it was not sin that damned these shades to Limbo, but their disbelief in the One God (prior to the coming of the Christ) or their lack of baptism (after the coming of the Christ) that condemned them to their “untormented grief.”50

The presence of these monumental figures makes sense for the reader: while not Christians, they were foundational to Western (Christian) civilization.51 More difficult to explain is the presence of the Ṣulṭān of Egypt (Miṣr), Ṣalāḥal-Dīn Yūsuf bin Ayyūb, Kurdish general and leader of the coordinated Islamic resistance during the Crusades.52 He was joined in Limbo by fellow Muslims ibn Sīnā and ibn Rushd (noother Muslims are mentioned in Limbo but were possibly present). The philosophical writings and commentaries on Aristotle by ibn Sīnā and ibn Rusd inspired Western thinkers.

49 Dante, InfernoIV:13, 24, 45.
50 Dante, Inferno, IV:34-8, 28.
51 Distinction is made here between Eastern and Western Christians and Christianity’s Afro-Asiatic roots and the form it took medieval Europe.
52 Saladino in Italian, or Saladin in English translation. The more accurate Ṣalāḥal-Dīn is used here to reflect the historical person. Ṣalāḥal-Dīn was an important leader during the Second and Third Crusades (1147-9 and 1189-92). Ṣalāḥal-Dīn died shortly after the conclusion of the Third Crusade.

Dante başkalarının moral yargıcı olma rolünü üstlenmede ortaçağlıdır, papa gibidir, ve Katolik Kilesinin bütün bir karakterini özetler.
 

“Eastern Christendom has never forgotten those three appalling days of pillage ... What shocked the Greeks more than anything was the wanton and systematic sacrilege of the Crusaders. How could men who had specially dedicated themselves to God’s service treat the things of God in such a way? As the Byzantines watched the Crusaders tear to pieces the altar and icon screen in the Church of the Holy Wisdom, and set prostitutes on the Patriarch’s throne, they must have felt that those who did such things were not Christians in the same sense as themselves ...

Can we wonder if the Greeks after 1204 also looked on the Latins as profani? Christians in the west still do not realize how deep is the disgust and how lasting the horror with which Orthodox regard actions such as the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders.”

(The Orthodox Church, New York: Penguin Books, revised 1980 edition, 69)

 

 

Eastern Hemisphere, 1025 AD.

 







SİTE İÇİ ARAMA       

  🕑 Timeline of Major Events of the Crusades

🕑 Timeline of Major Events of the Crusades

Timeline of Major Events of the Crusades (LINK)

Date(s) Event
1040 – 1055 Turks migrate from central Asia to southwest Asia, conquer Persia, and invade Armenia and Iraq, finally capturing Baghdad, the Abbasid capital city
1067 – 1070 Turks invade Byzantine territory in Asia Minor (today’s Turkey); Turkic forces take Jerusalem from the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa
1071 Turkic forces defeat Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert and found the Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor
1054 Schism (split) of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic centered in the Papacy in Rome, and Greek Orthodox centered in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
1061 – 1091 Christian forces under the Normans invade and defeat Muslim ruled Sicily, but retain Muslim cultural influence under Norman rule.
1085 Antioch in northern Syria conquered by Turks; in Spain, the Muslim city of Toledo is captured by Christian forces under Alfonso VI
1096 Start of the First Crusade
March 1095 Byzantine Empire requests Pope Urban II's help against Turkic warrior tribes who have migrated into Asia Minor
November 27, 1095 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade
1096 Fatimids retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
Spring, Summer 1096 Crusaders massacre Jews in Europe
Spring 1096 People's Crusade leaves for Holy Land but most end the march near Hungary by August 1096
August 15, 1096 Official beginning of First Crusade set by Pope Urban II
October 6, 1096 Crusader armies under Peter and Walter destroyed at Nicaea by Kilij Arslan
Fall 1096 Crusaders of official First Crusade reach Constantinople; Alexius I Comnenus accepts their oaths of loyalty and pledges to return lands under Byzantine control
April 1097 Crusaders cross the Bosporus into Asia
Early June 1097 Crusaders arrive at Nicaea while Kilij Arslan is away fighting his opponent Danishmend
June 19, 1097 Nicaea surrenders to Byzantine forces
June 26–28, 1097 Crusaders invade Asia Minor
July 1, 1097 Turks under Kilij Arslan fail to defeat Crusaders at Dorlyaeum
October 21, 1097 Crusaders reach Antioch, ruled by Turkic leader Yaghi-Suyan
Early February 1098 Muslim relief force under the Turkish leadership moves toward Antioch
February 6, 1098 Baldwin reaches Edessa (al-Ruha in Arabic)
March 9, 1098 Edessa's ruler is killed in a riot
March 10, 1098 Edessa established as the first Latin settlement in the East under Crusade leader Baldwin after its Turkic leader flees
June 5, 1098 Muslim army relief force arrives and besieges Crusaders in Antioch
Mid-November 1098 Armies of Raymond of St. Gilles and Robert of Flanders arrive at Ma'arat en Nu'man, spurred on by ordinary soldiers
December 11-2, 1098 Ma'arat en Nu'man falls to the Crusaders
January/March 1099 Crusader armies force their leader Raymond to continue to Jerusalem
February/May 1099 Crusaders besiege 'Arqah but abandon siege and go on to Jerusalem
June 6, 1099 Crusader leader Tancred seizes Bethlehem
June 7, 1099 Main body of Crusaders arrives at Jerusalem
July 15, 1099 Crusaders seize and sack the city of Jerusalem and massacre Muslims, Eastern Christians, and Jews; Godfrey elected ruler of the city
July 19–22, 1099 Pope Urban II dies, never hearing news of capture of Jerusalem
August 11–12, 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian army at Ashdod
1099 Al-Harawi of Damascus leads group of refugees to Baghdad to plead for help (see poem)
1100 Baldwin chosen first Crusader king of Jerusalem
Summer 1100 Turkic leader Danishmend captures Crusader leader Bohemund
November 15, 1100 Pope Paschal II preaches new crusade, threatening excommunication for failure to fulfill their vows
1101 New wave of Crusaders defeated in Asia Minor
1104 Crusader leader Baldwin takes port city of Acre
1104 Muslims defeat Franks at Harran, preventing them from moving further east into Muslim territory
1109 Tripoli falls to the Crusader armies after a brutal siege of 2000 days
1110 Crusaders seize cities of Beirut and Saida
1111 Aleppo's chief judge Ibn al-Khashab organizes riot in Baghdad to force the government to send military help against the Franks
1112 Muslim forces keep Franks from seizing Tyre
1113 Hospitallers, knightly Order of St. John is founded as Crusader force
Spring 1115 Alliance of Muslims and Franks in Syria fight Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malikshah
1119 Ilghazi of Aleppo defeats Franks at Sarmada
1120 Order of the Knights Templar is founded as Crusader force
July 1124 Franks seize Tyre, giving them entire coastline up to Ascalon
1125 Beirut peasants revolt
1127 Zangi becomes the ruler of Mosul and leader of resistance to the Franks
1128 Franks fail to seize Damascus
1128 Zangi takes the city of Aleppo
1135 Zangi fails to take Damascus
1137 Zangi captures King Fulk of Jerusalem but releases him
1139 Zangi unsuccessfully besieges Damascus
1144 Zangi seizes Edessa, defeating the first crusader state
1146 Zangi dies, and his son Nur al-Din inherits Aleppo
1147-1149 The Second Crusade begins, which includes Crusades in parts of Muslim-ruled Spain, Eastern Germany and the East (Outremer in French)
1147 Spanish Crusaders take Lisbon from Muslim rule
1148 Crusader armies under Conrad of Germany and Louis VII of France besiege Damascus, but are turned back by Nur al-Din's forces
1154 Nur al-Din takes Damascus, unifying Muslim territories in Syria
1163 – 1169 Nur al-Din's general Shirkuh fights to deliver Egypt to Nur al-Din
1169 Shirkuh rules Egypt as vizier, but soon dies; Saladin, his nephew, becomes ruler of Egypt
1170 Nur al-Din's brother dies, giving him control of Mosul
1171 Saladin ends Fatimid rule in Egypt and establishes Ayyubid dynasty; Competition between Nur al-Din and Saladin ensues
1174 Nur al-Din dies; Saladin seizes control of Damascus
1183 – 1185 Saladin takes control of Aleppo, uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule, then takes control of Mosul
1185 Saladin officially controls Egypt and Damascus, Aleppo and Mosul
July 4, 1187 Saladin defeats Frankish Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin
October 2, 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem and lands under Frankish control; Franks retain only cities of Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch
1189 – 1192 Third Crusade brings famous Crusader leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I
June 1190 Frederick I dies en route to the Holy Land
Summer 1191 Kings Richard and Philip take the city of Acre and name Jerusalem's ruler; Philip leaves for home, while Richard takes Arsuf and Jaffa and fortifies Ascalon
September 2, 1192 Richard and Saladin end their fighting with a treaty, and Richard leaves for home in England
1193 Saladin dies, and after his succession is contested, Saladin's brother al-Adil rules.
Spring 1197 Frederick I's son Henry VI departs to join the Crusade, but dies in the same year.
July 1, 1198 Henry VI's supporters negotiate a treaty with Muslim rulers and return home
1198 Crusader Order of Teutonic Knights is founded with Acre as its base.
1202 – 1204 Fourth Crusade begins
July 17, 1203 Crusaders invade and sack Byzantine capital of Constantinople, naming Alexius IV as ruler
April 12, 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople and make Byzantine lands into a Latin Empire
1209-1229 Albigensian Crusade turns against heretics at home in southern France
1212 Children's Crusade begins and ends in tragedy
1213 – 1216 Pope Innocent III begins planning the Fifth Crusade; he dies, and Pope Honorius III continues his plan
1217 – 1221 Fifth Crusade begins; Invasion of Egypt under the rule of al-Malik al-Kamil is led by Cardinal Pelagius; Crusaders besiege Damietta and try to Crusaders try take Cairo; Al-Kamil's forces and rising Nile isolates and defeats Crusader army; Al-Kamil provides bread and supplies to save Crusader army from starvation
1219 Sultan al-Kamil receives Francis of Assisi at his court for interreligious discussion and allows Francis to preach; Francis's stay at court influences his views of Islam and faith practice
1228 – 1229 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II crusades in Egypt without papal support; al-Kamil negotiates treaty with Frederick II over control of Jerusalem.
1235 Byzantines retake Asia Minor
1236 – 1238 In Spain, Ferdinand III of Castile attacks the city of Cordova, the Christian army of Aragon takes the city of Valencia from Muslim rule
1244 Franks lose Jerusalem for the final time
1245 Pope Innocent IV sends missionaries to Mongols to attempt alliance against Muslims in Asia and Near East
1247 Louis IX plans a Crusade, but contact with Frederick divulges his plans to al-Kamil's son, Ayyub
1248 – 1254 Sixth Crusade
1248-1250 Louis IX of France invades Egypt; he seizes Damietta, but is defeated and captured at the city of Mansurah; released for ransom and return of Damietta
1248 – 1250 Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt ends, Mamluk rule begins
February 1258 Mongols under Genghis Khan's grandson Hülegü invade and destroy Baghdad, massacre inhabitants and kill the last 'Abbasid caliph
January 1260 Mongols under Hülegü take Aleppo and Damascus; Mongol ruler dies and Hulegu returns to Asia, relieving invasion threat to Europe
September 3, 1260 Mamluk armies defeat Mongols at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut (Goliath Spring), and take city of Damascus; Baybars becomes ruler of Egypt
July 25, 1261 Byzantines recapture Constantinople, ending the Latin Empire in the East
May 18, 1268 Baybars seizes Antioch and Jaffa
1270 Seventh Crusade begins with Louis IX forces attacking Tunis; death of Louis IX
April 26 or 27, 1289 Mamluk sultans Qalawun and son Khalil retake Tripoli and Acre from Franks
1291 Effective end of the Great Crusades; remaining Crusaders retreat to the island of Cyprus

 








  📜 Lists of Crusades





  Crusades (W) (B) (HC)

Crusades (W)

Crusades (W)


A battle of the Second Crusade (illustration of William of Tyre's Histoire d'Outremer, 1337)
 
   

The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most commonly known Crusades are the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Muslim rule, but the term "Crusades" is also applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns. These were fought for a variety of reasons including

  • the suppression of paganism and heresy,
  • the resolution of conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or
  • for political and territorial advantage.


At the time of the early Crusades the word did not exist, only becoming the leading descriptive term around 1760.

In 1095, Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in a sermon at the Council of Clermont. He encouraged military support for the Byzantine Empire and its Emperor, Alexios I, who needed reinforcements for his conflict with westward migrating Turks colonizing Anatolia. One of Urban's aims was to guarantee pilgrims access to the Eastern Mediterranean holy sites that were under Muslim control but scholars disagree as to whether this was the primary motive for Urban or those who heeded his call. Urban's strategy may have been to unite the Eastern and Western branches of Christendom, which had been divided since the East–West Schism of 1054 and to establish himself as head of the unified Church.

The initial success of the Crusade established the first four Crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean:


The enthusiastic response to Urban's preaching from all classes in Western Europe established a precedent for other Crusades. Volunteers became Crusaders by taking a public vow and receiving plenary indulgences from the Church. Some were hoping for a mass ascension into heaven at Jerusalem or God’s forgiveness for all their sins. Others participated to satisfy feudal obligations, obtain glory and honour or to seek economic and political gain.

The two-century attempt to recover the Holy Land ended in failure.


Crusaders embark for the Levant. From ‘Le Roman de Godefroi de Bouillon’, France, 1337. (Bibliothèque Nationale).
 
   

Following the First Crusade there were six major Crusades and numerous less significant ones. After the last Catholic outposts fell in 1291, there were no more Crusades; but the gains were longer lasting in Northern and Western Europe. The Wendish Crusade and those of the Archbishop of Bremen brought all the North-East Baltic and the tribes of Mecklenburg and Lusatia under Catholic control in the late 12th century. In the early 13th century the Teutonic Order created a Crusader state in Prussia and the French monarchy used the Albigensian Crusade to extend the kingdom to the Mediterranean Sea. The rise of the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th century prompted a Catholic response which led to further defeats at Nicopolis in 1396 and Varna in 1444.

Catholic Europe was in chaos and the final pivot of Christian–Islamic relations was marked by two seismic events: the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 and a final conclusive victory for the Spanish over the Moors with the conquest of Granada in 1492. The idea of Crusading continued, not least in the form of the Knights Hospitaller, until the end of the 18th-century but the focus of Western European interest moved to the New World.

Modern historians hold widely varying opinions of the Crusaders. To some, their conduct was incongruous with the stated aims and implied moral authority of the papacy, as evidenced by the fact that on occasion the Pope excommunicated Crusaders.

Crusaders often pillaged as they travelled, and their leaders generally retained control of captured territory instead of returning it to the Byzantines. During the People's Crusade, thousands of Jews were murdered in what is now called the Rhineland massacres. Constantinople was sacked during the Fourth Crusade.

However, the Crusades had a profound impact on Western civilisation: Italian city-states gained considerable concessions in return for assisting the Crusaders and established colonies which allowed trade with the eastern markets even in the Ottoman period, allowing Genoa and Venice to flourish; they consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under papal leadership; and they constituted a wellspring for accounts of heroism, chivalry, and piety that galvanised medieval romance, philosophy, and literature. The Crusades also reinforced a connection between Western Christendom, feudalism, and militarism.

 



Crusades (B)

Crusades (B)



Standard bearers, drummers and trumpeters of a saracen army (13th century).
 
   
Crusades, military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and 1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syria, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spain, and even to the Baltic; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291. Crusading declined rapidly during the 16th century with the advent of the Protestant Reformation and the decline of papal authority.
Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including the important regions of Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. The Crusades, attempting to check this advance, initially enjoyed success, founding a Christian state in Palestine and Syria, but the continued growth of Islamic states ultimately reversed those gains. By the 14th century the Ottoman Turks had established themselves in the Balkans and would penetrate deeper into Europe despite repeated efforts to repulse them.

 



Crusades (History Channel)

Crusades — A Ticket Directly to Heaven (History Channel) (HC)

 
1) What Were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291. The bloody, violent and often ruthless conflicts propelled the status of European Christians, making them major players in the fight for land in the Middle East.

By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as that of the Byzantine Empire (formerly the eastern half of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic Empire of the Middle East and North Africa.

 

However, Byzantium had lost considerable territory to the invading Seljuk Turks. After years of chaos and civil war, the general Alexius Comnenus seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and consolidated control over the remaining empire as Emperor Alexius I.

In 1095, Alexius sent envoys to Pope Urban II asking for mercenary troops from the West to help confront the Turkish threat. Though relations between Christians in the East and West had long been fractious, Alexius’s request came at a time when the situation was improving.

In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. This marked the beginning of the Crusades.

Pope Urban’s plea was met with a tremendous response, both among the military elite as well as ordinary citizens. Those who joined the armed pilgrimage wore a cross as a symbol of the Church.

The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected pilgrims traveling to and from the region.

First Crusade 1096-99 (LINK)

Crusades (LINK)

2) First Crusade 1096-99

Four armies of Crusaders were formed from troops of different Western European regions, led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto (with his nephew Tancred). These groups departed for Byzantium in August 1096.

A less organized band of knights and commoners known as the “People’s Crusade” set off before the others under the command of a popular preacher known as Peter the Hermit.

Ignoring Alexius’ advice to wait for the rest of the Crusaders, Peter’s army crossed the Bosporus in early August. In the first major clash between the Crusaders and Muslims, Turkish forces crushed the invading Europeans at Cibotus.

Another group of Crusaders, led by the notorious Count Emicho, carried out a series of massacres of Jews in various towns in the Rhineland in 1096, drawing widespread outrage and causing a major crisis in Jewish-Christian relations.

When the four main armies of Crusaders arrived in Constantinople, Alexius insisted that their leaders swear an oath of loyalty to him and recognize his authority over any land regained from the Turks, as well as any other territory they might conquer. All but Bohemond resisted taking the oath.

In May 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea (now Iznik, Turkey), the Seljuk capital in Anatolia. The city surrendered in late June.

First Crusade 1096-99 (LINK)

Children’s Crusade 1212

In a popular movement known as the Children's Crusade (1212), a motley crew including children, adolescents, women, the elderly and the poor marched all the way from the Rhineland to Italy behind a young man named Nicholas, who said he had received divine instruction to march toward the Holy Land.

3) The Fall of Jerusalem

Despite deteriorating relations between the Crusaders and Byzantine leaders, the combined force continued its march through Anatolia, capturing the great Syrian city of Antioch in June 1098.

After various internal struggles over control of Antioch, the Crusaders began their march toward Jerusalem, then occupied by Egyptian Fatimids (who as Shi’ite Muslims were enemies of the Sunni Seljuks).

Encamping before Jerusalem in June 1099, the Christians forced the besieged city’s governor to surrender by mid-July.

Despite Tancred’s promise of protection, the Crusaders slaughtered hundreds of men, women, and children in their victorious entrance into Jerusalem.

4) Second Crusade 1147-49

Having achieved their goal in an unexpectedly short period of time after the First Crusade, many of the Crusaders departed for home. To govern the conquered territory, those who remained established four large western settlements, or Crusader states, in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli.

Guarded by formidable castles, the Crusader states retained the upper hand in the region until around 1130, when Muslim forces began gaining ground in their own holy war (or jihad) against the Christians, whom they called “Franks.”

In 1144, the Seljuk general Zangi, governor of Mosul, captured Edessa, leading to the loss of the northernmost Crusader state.

News of Edessa’s fall stunned Europe and caused Christian authorities in the West to call for another Crusade. Led by two great rulers, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the Second Crusade began in 1147.

.

That October, the Turks annihilated Conrad’s forces at Dorylaeum, the site of a great Christian victory during the First Crusade.

After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they decided to attack the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of some 50,000 (the largest Crusader force yet).

Damascus’ ruler was forced to call on Nur al-Din, Zangi’s successor in Mosul, for aid. The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating defeat to the Crusaders, decisively ending the Second Crusade.

Nur al-Din added Damascus to his expanding empire in 1154.

Second Crusade 1147-49 (LINK)

 
5) Third Crusade 1187-92

After numerous attempts by the Crusaders of Jerusalem to capture Egypt, Nur al-Din’s forces (led by the general Shirkuh and his nephew, Saladin) seized Cairo in 1169 and forced the Crusader army to evacuate.

Upon Shirkuh’s subsequent death, Saladin assumed control and began a campaign of conquests that accelerated after Nur al-Din’s death in 1174.

In 1187, Saladin began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. His troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin, taking back the important city along with a large amount of territory.

Outrage over these defeats inspired the Third Crusade, led by rulers such as the aging Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (who was drowned at Anatolia before his entire army reached Syria), King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart).

In September 1191, Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf, which would be the only true battle of the Third Crusade.

From the recaptured city of Jaffa, Richard reestablished Christian control over some of the region and approached Jerusalem, though he refused to lay siege to the city.

In September 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem (though without the city of Jerusalem) and ended the Third Crusade.

6) Fourth Crusade: The Fall of Constantinople 1205

Though Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade in 1198, power struggles within and between Europe and Byzantium drove the Crusaders to divert their mission in order to topple the reigning Byzantine emperor, Alexius III, in favor of his nephew, who became Alexius IV in mid-1203.

The new emperor’s attempts to submit the Byzantine church to Rome was met with stiff resistance, and Alexius IV was strangled after a palace coup in early 1204.

In response, the Crusaders declared war on Constantinople, and the Fourth Crusade ended with the devastating Fall of Constantinople, marked by a bloody conquest, looting and near-destruction of the magnificent Byzantine capital later that year.
7) Final Crusades 1208-1271

Throughout the remainder of the 13th century, a variety of Crusades aimed not so much to topple Muslim forces in the Holy Land but to combat any and all of those seen as enemies of the Christian faith.

The Albigensian Crusade (1208-29) aimed to root out the heretical Cathari or Albigensian sect of Christianity in France, while the Baltic Crusades (1211-25) sought to subdue pagans in Transylvania.

A so-called Children’s Crusade took place in 1212 when thousands of young children vowed to march to Jerusalem. Although it was called the Children’s Crusade, most historians don’t regard it as an actual crusade, and many experts question whether the group was really comprised of children. The movement never reached the Holy Land.

In the Fifth Crusade, put in motion by Pope Innocent III before his death in 1216, the Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea but were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders led by Saladin’s nephew, Al-Malik al-Kamil, in 1221.

In 1229, in what became known as the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil. The peace treaty expired a decade later, and Muslims easily regained control of Jerusalem.

From 1248 to 1254, Louis IX of France organized a crusade against Egypt. This battle, known as the Seventh Crusade, was a failure for Louis.

8) The Mamluks

As the Crusaders struggled, a new dynasty, known as the Mamluks, descended from former slaves of the Islamic Empire, took power in Egypt. In 1260, Mamluk forces in Palestine managed to halt the advance of the Mongols, an invading force led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, which had emerged as a potential ally for the Christians in the region.

Under the ruthless Sultan Baybars, the Mamluks demolished Antioch in 1268. In response, Louis organized the Eighth Crusade in 1270. The initial goal was to aid the remaining Crusader states in Syria, but the mission was redirected to Tunis, where Louis died.

Edward I of England took on another expedition in 1271. This battle, which is often grouped with the Eighth Crusade but is sometimes referred to as the Ninth Crusade, accomplished very little and was considered the last significant crusade to the Holy Land.
9) The Crusades End

In 1291, one of the only remaining Crusader cities, Acre, fell to the Muslim Mamluks. Many historians believe this defeat marked the end of the Crusader States and the Crusades themselves.

Though the Church organized minor Crusades with limited goals after 1291—mainly military campaigns aimed at pushing Muslims from conquered territory, or conquering pagan regions—support for such efforts diminished in the 16th century, with the rise of the Reformation and the corresponding decline of papal authority.

 
10) Effects of the Crusades

While the Crusades ultimately resulted in defeat for Europeans, many argue that they successfully extended the reach of Christianity and Western civilization. The Roman Catholic Church experienced an increase in wealth, and the power of the Pope was elevated after the Crusades ended.

Trade and transportation also improved throughout Europe as a result of the Crusades. The wars created a constant demand for supplies and transportation, which resulted in ship-building and the manufacturing of various supplies.

After the Crusades, there was a heightened interest in travel and learning throughout Europe, which some historians believe may have paved the way for the Renaissance.

Among followers of Islam, however, the Crusaders were regarded as immoral, bloody and savage. The ruthless and widespread massacre of Muslims, Jews and other non-Christians resulted in bitter resentment that persisted for many years. Even today, some Muslims derisively refer to the West’s involvement in the Middle East as a “crusade.”

There’s no question that the years of bloody conflict brought by the Crusades had an impact on Middle East and Western European nations for many years, and still influence political and cultural views and opinions held today.
Effects of the Crusades (LINK)

 
SOURCES

Timeline for the Crusades and Christian Holy War to c.1350: United States Naval Academy.
The Crusades: A Complete History: History Today.
The Crusades: LordsAndLadies.org.
Crusades: New Advent.
What Were the Crusades and How Did They Impact Jerusalem?: Bible History Daily.

 

   

 




📹 Introduction to the Crusades — Khan Academy (VİDEO)

Introduction to the Crusades — Khan Academy (LINK)

The Crusades begin in reaction to Pope Urban II's call to help the Byzantine Empire reclaim land from Muslim rule (especially Jerusalem).

 



📹 An overview of the Crusades (part 2) — Khan Academy (VİDEO)

An overview of the Crusades (part 2) — Khan Academy (LINK)

An overview of the 2nd through 9th Crusades. Saladin retakes Jerusalem after nearly 90 years as a Crusader Kingdom in 1179. The sacking of Constantinople and the possible Children's Crusade. The Reconquista in what will eventually be Spain.

 



📹 Impact of the Crusades — Khan Academy (VİDEO)

Impact of the Crusades — Khan Academy (LINK)

Part 3 of the series on the Crusades. An overview of the human, territorial, commercial and political impact of the Crusades.

 



📹 First Crusade, 1096-1099 (VİDEO)

📹 First Crusade, 1096-1099 (LINK)

 



📹 Second Crusade, 1147-1149 (VİDEO)

📹 Second Crusade, 1147-1149 (LINK)

 



📹 Third Crusade, 1187-1192 (VİDEO)

📹 Third Crusade, 1187-1192 (LINK)

 



📹 Fourth Crusade, 1201-1204 (VİDEO)

📹 Fourth Crusade, 1201-1204 (LINK)

 



📹 1st-6th Crusades (VİDEO)

📹 1st-6th Crusades (LINK)

History of the Crusades from the beginnings of the First Crusade of to the end of the Sixth.

 








  📹 First Crusade — Video

📹 The First Crusade / Eamonn Gearon (VİDEO)

The First Crusade / Eamonn Gearon (LINK)

The First Crusade (1095-1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. Urban called for a military expedition to aid the Byzantine Empire, which had recently lost most of Anatolia to the Seljuq Turks. The resulting military expedition of primarily Frankish nobles, known as the Princes' Crusade not only re-captured Anatolia but went on to conquer the Holy Land (the Levant), which had fallen to Islamic expansion as early as in the 7th century, and culminated in July 1099 in the re-conquest of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

 








  📹 First Crusade (Epic History TV — VİDEO)

📹 The First Crusade (Epic History TV — VİDEO)

📹 First Crusade (Part 1 of 2) — EpicHistory (VİDEO)

First Crusade (Part 1 of 2) — EpicHistory (LINK)

The First Crusade was one of the most extraordinary, bloody and significant episodes in medieval history. It began with an appeal for aid from the Christian Byzantine Empire, threatened by the rising power of the Muslim Seljuk Turks. But when Pope Urban II preached a sermon at Clermont in 1095, the result was unlike anything ever seen before. The Pope offered spiritual salvation to those willing to go east to aid their fellow Christians in a holy war, and help liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Knights and peasants alike signed up in their thousands, leading to the disastrous People's, or Peasants', Crusade, then to a much more organised and powerful Princes' Crusade. Their forces gathered at Constantinople, where they made an uneasy alliance with Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus. Entering Anatolia, they helped to win back the city of Nicaea, then won a decisive but hard-fought victory at Dorlyaeum, before marching on the great city of Antioch...

 



📹 First Crusade (Part 2 of 2) — EpicHistory (VİDEO)

First Crusade (Part 2 of 2) — EpicHistory (LINK)

The story of the First Crusade continues as the main army arrives in Constantinople and blazes its way across Asia Minor - meeting near disaster repeatedly.

 



 

 








  📹 The First Crusade (BazBattles — VİDEO)

📹 The First Crusade (BazBattles — VİDEO)

📹 First Crusade (1) Battle of Dorylaeum 1097 AD (VİDEO)

First Crusade (1)
Battle of Dorylaeum 1097 AD (LINK)

First installment of the First Crusade mini-series, featuring Siege of Nicaea and Battle of Dorylaeum.

 



📹 First Crusade (2) Siege of Antioch 1098 AD (VİDEO)

First Crusade (2)
Siege of Antioch 1098 AD (LINK)

Second installment of the First Crusade mini-series, featuring Siege of Antioch and couple of minor battles that took place during the siege.

 



📹 First Crusade (3) Siege of Jerusalem 1099 AD (VİDEO)

First Crusade (3)
Siege of Jerusalem 1099 AD (LINK)

Third installment of the First Crusade mini-series, featuring Siege of Jerusalem.

 



📹 First Crusade (4) Battle of Ascalon 1099 AD (VİDEO)

First Crusade (4)
Battle of Ascalon 1099 AD (LINK)

Fourth and final installment of the First Crusade mini-series, featuring events just after conquest of Jerusalem and the Battle of Ascalon.

 



 

 








  📹 The First Crusade (Extra History — VİDEO)

📹 The First Crusade (Extra History — VİDEO)

📹 The First Crusade #1 — The People’s Crusade (VİDEO)

The First Crusade #1 — The People’s Crusade (LINK)

In 1095CE, Pope Urban gathered the leaders of the Christian community at the Council of Clermont. Urged on by Emperor Alexius Comnenos of Constantinople, he called for a crusade to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims who occupied Jerusalem. Muslims had occupied the Holy Land for over 400 years, but the timing was politically right for the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor. Pope Urban wanted to re-unite Christendom after the anti-Pope kicked him out of Rome, while Alexius Comnenus wanted to retake the territory he had recently lost in Anatolia from the Seljuq Turks. As incentive, the Pope offered crusaders a plenary indulgence: complete forgiveness for past sins in the eyes of God and the church. It worked too well. While the official armies of the Crusade prepared, a charismatic leader named Peter the Hermit began breaching directly to the people, claiming Jesus had sent him to lead them on Crusade. Walter sans Avoir joined him in France, and a man named Count Emicho of Leiningen emulated him in Germany. Both peasant groups met with and created disaster: Walter Sans Avoir's group pillaged Belgrade while Count Emicho's group turned on the local Jewish population as an excuse to slaughter them. Thus the First Crusade began with a disastrous People's Crusade.

 



📹 The First Crusade #2 — Peter the Hermit (VİDEO)

The First Crusade #2 — Peter the Hermit (LINK)

Emicho of Leiningen and Walters sans Avoir certainly made a mark, but the largest group in the People's Crusade was led by Peter the Hermit. To gain passage through Hungary, they swore an oath not to destroy anything, but the lack of real leadership for their group became clear when they very quickly started a market brawl, stormed the local citadel, then fled to Belgrade and immediately repeated their aggression by turning on the Byzantine troops sent to keep them in line. At the city of Niŝ, the Byzantine troops pinned them down and slaughtered a quarter of the entire crusading "army." The remainder fled to Constantinople and secured passage into Turkey, but the group fractured from within and became two separate factions, with Peter leading one and a man named Reinald leading the other. Both factions competed for bragging rights, committing horrible atrocities to outdo each other. One group actually managed to siege a castle, but it had no water supply, so they were easily starved out by the Turks. The Turks, however, spread a rumor that this group had actually gone on to capture the capitol city, and the remaining crusaders set out to join what they thought would be a loot extravaganza. Instead, they ran into a Turkish ambush that left only 3,000 of their 20,000 soldiers alive. Now led by Geoffrey Burel, they retreated to Constantinople.

 



📹 The First Crusade #3 — A Good Crusade (VİDEO)

The First Crusade #3 — A Good Crusade (LINK)

Although it finds Peter the Hermit's group from the People's Crusade in shambles, the summer of 1096 finally sees the "official" forces of the First Crusade set out for Jerusalem. This was not one army, however, but five separate armies led by men with very different motivations and sympathies - many of them surprisingly hostile towards the Pope or the Byzantine Empire. Hugh of Vermandois, brother of the King of France, led one army despite his brother having been excommunicated by Pope Urban II. Godfrey de Bouillon from the German territory had actually helped kick the Pope out of Rome and install the anti-Pope. Bohemond of Taranto brought an army whose experience primarily came from fighting the Romans twelve years prior. Raymond of Toulouse led the largest army and believed himself the main leader of the Crusade, despite the fact that he traveled with the Pope's appointed leader, Bishop Adhemar. Only Robert of Flanders could be said to be on good terms with both the Pope and the Eastern Roman Empire. When the five armies arrived in Constantinople, Emperor Alexius Comnenus approached them all privately with bribes and threats to get them to swear an oath that any land they conquered on Crusade would be returned to him. They all took it (except Bohemond's nephew, Tancred) and so the emperor sent them across the Bosphorus to attack the Turks at last.

 



📹 The First Crusade #4 — Men of Iron (VİDEO)

The First Crusade #4 — Men of Iron (LINK)

Having sworn their oaths to Emperor Alexius Comnenus, the Crusaders finally sailed across the Bosphorus River to Turkey. When they disembarked, however, there were no Turkish armies waiting for them. Unopposed, they marched to Nicaea, the capitol of the Sultanate of Rum, and laid siege to it. At last word reached the sultan, Kilij Arslan, who rode back to save his city (and his family) only to realize that this army of crusaders was much larger and better organized than the People's Crusade which had come before. They had not yet realized, however, that the city of Nicaea was being secretly resupplied by ships arriving by night from Lake Askania. Once they did, the Byzantines transported their own ships overland to blockade the lake and launch a coordinated assault with the crusaders to force the city to surrender. The crusaders marched towards Jerusalem, but along the way, the Turks launched a surprise assault on Bohemond's army. He ordered his knights to form a shield wall around the priests and civilians traveling with them, and they held for hours under a burning sun until reinforcements from the other crusading armies arrived. They rallied, defeated the Turks, and resumed their march.

 



📹 The First Crusade #5 — Siege of Antioch (VİDEO)

The First Crusade #5 — Siege of Antioch (LINK)

After their victory at the Battle of Dorylaeum, the Crusaders have an open path to Antioch and beyond that, Jerusalem. After the Sultan of Rum, Kilij Arslan, ordered the wells destroyed along their path, the Crusaders struggled through the desert and eventually decided to split their forces. Tancred and Baldwin set off towards Tarsus and Tancred tricked the Turkish garrison into surrendering to him, but Baldwin claimed the city for himself and broke his oath to the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenos. Tensions between the two lead to another confrontation in the next city, after which Baldwin abandoned the Crusade entirely and conned his way into becoming the Count of Edessa. Tancred meanwhile returned to the main force of Crusaders, who were besieging Antioch. When a force led by Bohemond and Robert of Flanders met Antioch's Turkish reinforcements on a foraging mission, they attacked them and scared them away. Then Bohemond tricked the Byzantine general into leaving as well, and threatened to leave himself unless the Crusaders let him keep Antioch. They had no choice but to agree to keep their forces together. With this assurance, Bohemond engineered the capture of Antioch: he bribed a Turkish commander to let them through the gates. The Crusaders massacred the people of Antioch when the city fell, but they had no time to rest after their victory: a huge Turkish army was already bearing down on them.

 



📹 The First Crusade #6 — On to Jerusalem (VİDEO)

The First Crusade — #6 — On to Jerusalem (LINK)

The Crusaders now held Antioch, but not securely. The Turks still control the citadel atop the mountain and had a massive army coming to reinforce them. The situation grew worse when Stephen of Blois deserted from the Crusades, and told the Byzantine reinforcements not to bother: he believed Antioch would fall immediately. Now entirely on their own, the Crusaders held the wall in constant vigil until a mystic named Peter Bartholomew claimed to have received a vision from Saint Andrew. Guided by his vision, he discovered metal which he claimed to be the holy lance of Longinus - nevermind that the church already had the holy lance in its possession. Though the Crusade leaders had doubts, the soldiers were inspired so they launched an assault on the Turkish armies. Surprisingly, they won the day: the Turks did not fully support their leader, Kerbogha, and many took the Crusade counter-attack as an excuse to abandon the siege. Bohemond now kept Antioch, while Raymond of Toulouse - after the disastrous Siege of Maarat led the soldiers to commit acts of cannabalism - took the remains of the army south to Jerusalem. His attempt to capture a small city called Arqa along the way almost fractured the crusade army again, and did lead to the death of Peter Bartholomew. They arrived in Jerusalem to find the local wells poisoned, giving them no choice but to attack the city head-on. After days of intense fighting, they won their way inside the walls and began a massive slaughter of the people who still lived inside Jerusalem - the Christian population had been expelled, leaving only Muslims and Jews still in the city. And thus, with Antioch and Jerusalem both in crusader hands, the First Crusade came to an end.

 



 

 








  The Third Crusade 1189-1192

Third Crusade

Third Crusade (W)

 
   

The Third Crusade (1189-1192) was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity (England, France and the Holy Roman Empire) to reconquer the Holy Land {!} following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus.

After the failure of the Second Crusade of 1147–1149, the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified Syria and engaged in a conflict with the Fatimid rulers of Egypt. Saladin ultimately brought both the Egyptian and Syrian forces under his own control, and employed them to reduce the Crusader states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, King Henry II of England and King Philip II of France (known as "Philip Augustus") ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade. The death of Henry (6 July 1189), however, meant the English contingent came under the command of his successor, King Richard I of England. The elderly German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, leading a massive army across the Balkans and Anatolia. He achieved some victories against the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, but he drowned in a river on 10 June 1190 before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused tremendous grief among the German Crusaders, and most of his troops returned home.

After the Crusaders had driven the Muslims from Acre, Philip—in company with Frederick's successor in command of the German crusaders, Leopold V, Duke of Austria—left the Holy Land in August 1191. On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin finalized the Treaty of Jaffa, which granted Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on 9 October 1192. The successes of the Third Crusade allowed Westerners to maintain considerable states in Cyprus and on the Syrian coast.

The failure to re-capture Jerusalem inspired the subsequent Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204, but Europeans would only regain the city—and only briefly—in the Sixth Crusade in 1229.

 



📹 Third Crusade (1) — The Beginning (VİDEO)

📹 Third Crusade (1) — The Beginning ( LINK)

The fall of Jerusalem to the Ayyubid sultan Saladdin in 1187 prompted the Christian kingdoms to start another Crusade against the Muslims in order to restore the Crusader Kingdoms in the Levant. The Third Crusade will be led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the French king Philip Augustus and the English king Richard the Lionheart — the battle of Acre of 1189 would be the first significant engagement of this conflict.

 



📹 Third Crusade (2) — Fall of Acre 1191 (VİDEO)

📹 Third Crusade (2) — Fall of Acre 1191 (LINK)

Our historical animated documentary series on the Third Crusade started out with the siege of Acre in 1189, but this siege continued in 1190 and 1191. This second portion of this battle continues to feature many colorful characters - most importantly the first meeting between the King of England Richard Lionheart and the Ayyubid Sultan Salah ad-din Ayyubi

 



📹 Third Crusade (3) Arsuf 1191 (VİDEO)

📹 Third Crusade (3) — Arsuf 1191 (LINK)

Our historical animated documentary series on the Third Crusade started out with the siege and fall of Acre between 1189 and 1191, but that wasn't the end of the Crusade and the rivalry between the King of England Richard Lionheart and the Ayyubid Sultan Salah ad-din Ayyubi continued with the famous battle of Arsuf of 1191,

 



📹 Third Crusade — Jaffa 1192 (VİDEO)

📹 Third Crusade (4) — Jaffa 1192 (LINK)

Our historical animated documentary series on the Third Crusade concludes with a video on the later stages of the conflict between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids, as the king of England Richard Lionheart and the Ayyubid sultan Saladin continue their fight in the Levant.

 








  Fourth Crusade 1202-1204

Conquest Of Constantinople By The Crusaders In 1204

Fourth Crusade

Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 (W)

The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first conquering the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate, the strongest Muslim state of the time. However, a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Greek Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire.

In late 1202, financial issues led to the Crusader army sacking Zara, which was then brought under Venetian control. In January 1203, en-route to Jerusalem, the Crusader leadership entered into an agreement with the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos to divert the Crusade to Constantinople and restore his deposed father as Emperor. The intent of the Crusaders was then to continue to Jerusalem with promised Byzantine financial and military aid. On 23 June 1203, the bulk of the Crusaders reached Constantinople, while smaller contingents continued to Acre. After the siege of Zara the pope excommunicated the crusader army.

In August, following clashes outside Constantinople, Alexios was crowned co-Emperor. However, in January 1204, he was deposed by a popular uprising. The Crusaders were no longer able to receive their promised payments from Alexios. Following the murder of Alexios on 8 February, the Crusaders decided on the outright conquest of the city. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city’s enormous wealth. Only a handful of the Crusaders continued to the Holy Land thereafter.

The conquest of Constantinople was followed by the fragmentation of the Empire into three rump states centred in Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus. The Crusaders then founded several Crusader states in former Byzantine territory, largely hinged upon the Latin Empire of Constantinople. The presence of the Latin Crusader states almost immediately led to war with the Byzantine successor states and the Bulgarian Empire. The Nicaean Empire eventually recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire in 1261.

The Crusade is considered to be one of the most prominent acts that solidified the schism between the Greek and Latin Christian churches, and dealt an irrevocable blow to the already weakened Byzantine Empire, paving the way for Muslim conquests in Anatolia and Balkan Europe in the coming centuries.



Capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.


The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840).
The most infamous action of the Fourth Crusade was the sack of the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople.

Partition of the Empire
🔎

Partition of the Byzantine Empire into The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, and Despotate of Epirusafter 1204.

 



📹 Rise and Fall of Latin Empire, 1204-1261 / Every Year (VİDEO)

📹 Rise and Fall of Latin Empire, 1204-1261 / Every Year (LINK)

Latin Empire was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261.

 




📹 Fourth Crusade — Sack of Constantinople 1204 (VİDEO)

Fourth Crusade — Sack of Constantinople 1204 (LINK)

Although the First Crusade was succeeded in taking Jerusalem and a number of Frankish kingdoms were created in the Levant, by 1187 the Ayyubid leader Saladin managed to reconquer most of the region. The Third Crusade launched by the English king Richard I Lionheart, French king Philip II Augustus and German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa wasn't able to take Jerusalem, so the pope called for the Fourth Crusade led by Enrico Dandolo, Boniface of Montferrat and Baldwin of Flanders, which indeed up in one of the biggest tragedies for the Christian world.

 



📹 Fourth Crusade — Sack of Constantinople (1204) Medieval Kingdoms Mod (VİDEO)

📹 Fourth Crusade — Sack of Constantinople (1204) Medieval Kingdoms Mod (LINK)

In 1204 CE Constantinople, after nine centuries of all siege defending, was brutally sacked!

 



📹 Fall of Constantinople (Fourth Crusade) (VİDEO)

📹 Fall of Constantinople 1204 (Fourth Crusade) (LINK)

The siege and fall of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade. Crusader armies captured, looted, and destroyed parts of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. After the capture of the city, the Latin Empire (Frankokratia or the Latin Occupation) was established and Baldwin of Flanders was crowned Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople in the Hagia Sophia.

 








  ‘Latin’ Empire of Constantinople 1204-1261

🛑 BİR ‘LATİN İMPARATORLUĞU’ OLARAK ‘GERMEN İMPARATORLUĞU’

  • Germenler Roma İmparatorluğunu yalnızca Batıda yerle bir etmekle kalmadılar.
  • 1204’te İmparatorluğunun Doğusu da Germenler tarafından ele geçirildi.
  • “Latin İmparatorluğu” terimi yine örtmeceli bir terimdir.
  • Bu “Latin” İmparatorluğunun ilk ‘Latin’ İmparatoru I. Baldwind bir Germendir (Flanders ve Hainaut Kontu).
  • Romalılar “Latinlik” ve “İmparatorluk” ile pek bir ilgisi olmayan bu Germanik feodal işgal rejimini “Frankokratia” olarak adlandırdılar.
 
  • Frankokratia (Φραγκοκρατία) “Frank Erki” demektir.
  • Yine “Franklar” durumunda da etnik tarihçilik tarafından bir örtmece yapılır ve bu Flandersli “Germenlerden” “Fransız” olarak söz edilir.
 

The Frankokratia (Greek: Φραγκοκρατία, sometimes anglicized as Francocracy, lit. "rule of the Franks"), also known as Latinokratia (Greek: Λατινοκρατία, "rule of the Latins") and, for the Venetian domains, Venetokratia or Enetokratia (Greek: Βενετοκρατία or Ενετοκρατία, "rule of the Venetians"), was the period in Greek history after the Fourth Crusade (1204), when a number of primarily French and Italian Crusader states were established on the territory of the dissolved Byzantine Empire (see Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae).

The term derives from the name given by the Orthodox Greeks to the Western European Latin Church Catholics: "Latins". Most Latins had French (Frankish), Norman, or Venetian origins. The span of the Frankokratia period differs by region: the political situation proved highly volatile, as the Frankish states fragmented and changed hands, and the Greek successor states re-conquered many areas.

With the exception of the Ionian Islands and some isolated forts which remained in Venetian hands until the turn of the 19th century, the final end of the Frankokratia in the Greek lands came with the Ottoman conquest, chiefly in the 14th to 16th centuries, which ushered in the period known as "Tourkokratia" ("rule of the Turks"; see Ottoman Greece).

 
Emperor
1204-1205
Baldwin I
1206-1216
Henry
1216-1217
Peter
1217-1219
Yolanda (regent)
1219-1228
Robert I
1228-1237
John of Brienne (regent)
1237-1261
Baldwin II
 

1204, The Fourth Crusade against Constantinople.
 
  • Göçebe barbarizminden feodalizme ilerlemiş olan Germenler 1204’te Konstontinopolis’i ele geçirdikten sonra günlerce yağmalamalarına karşın, Roma’da yaptıkları gibi kenti bütünüyle yerle bir etmediler. Yalnızca bir bölümünü yok ettiler.
  • Romalılar sonunda 1235’te kendi kentlerini, Konstantinopolis’i kuşatarak Germenlerin elinden aldılar.
  • Roma İmparatorluğu bağlamında kullanılan “Bizans” ve “Latin” sözcükleri çok daha sonraki yüzyıllarda etnik Germanik tarihçilerin olguları tanımlamak için gereksindikleri terimlerdir.
 
 
  ‘Latin’ İmparatorluğu feodal ilkeler üzerine kuruldu. Feodal bir konum olan ‘imparator’ her biri fethedilen topraklardan belli parçaları aralarında paylaşan prenslerin üstü idi. İmparatorun kendisi Konstantipolis’i ve hem Asya hem de Avrupa’da kente komşu olan toprakları özel bölümleri olarak aldı. (W)
  (W)

The original name of this state in the Latin language was Imperium Romaniae ("Empire of Romania"). This name was used based on the fact that the common name for the Byzantine Empire in this period had been Romania(Ῥωμανία, "Land of the Romans").

The names Byzantine and Latin were not contemporaneous terms. They were invented much later by historians seeking to differentiate between the classical period of the Roman Empire, the medieval period of the Byzantine Empire, {!} and the late medieval Latin Empire, all of which called themselves "Roman." The term Latin has been used because the crusaders (Franks, Venetians, and other westerners) were Roman Catholic and used Latin as their liturgical and scholarly language. It is used in contrast to the Eastern Orthodox locals who used Greek in both liturgy and common speech.

  The empire's precarious situation forced him to travel often to Western Europe seeking aid, but largely without success. In order to gain money, he was forced to resort to desperate means, from removing the lead roofs of the Great Palace and selling them, to handing over his only son, Philip, to Venetian merchants as a guarantee for a loan.
 
 

 




The ‘Latin’ Empire
🔎 The Latin Empire with its vassals (in yellow) and the Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire (in red) after the Treaty of Nymphaeum in 1214.

Latin Empire of Constantinople

‘Latin’ Empire of Constantinople 1204-1261 (W)

The Empire of Romania (Latin: Imperium Romaniae), more commonly known in historiography as the Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople, and known to the Byzantines as the Frankokratia or the Latin Occupation, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. It was established after the capture of Constantinople in 1204 and lasted until 1261. The Latin Empire was intended to supplant the Byzantine Empire as the titular Roman Empire in the east, with a Western Roman Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors.

 
‘Latin’ emperors of Constantinople, 1204-1261
Monarch Portrait Birth Coronation Marriages Death
Baldwin I
1204-1205
Baldwin I of Constantinople.jpg July 1172
son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainault and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
16 May 1204 in the Hagia Sophia
began reign on 9 May
Marie of Champagne
6 January 1186
2 daughters
1205
possibly Tsarevets, Bulgaria
aged about 33
Henry
1206-1216
Eppignoc.jpg c. 1174
son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainault and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
20 August 1206
began reign in July
(1) Agnes of Montferrat
4 February 1207
1 child?

(2) Maria of Bulgaria
1213
no children
11 June 1216
aged about 42
Peter
1216-1217
Petrus2.jpg c. 1155
son of Peter and Elizabeth de Courtenay
9 April 1217 in a church outside Rome
began reign in 1216
(1) Agnes of Nevers
one daughter

(2) Yolanda of Flanders
10 children
1219
aged about 64
Yolanda
(regent)
1217-1219
1175
daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Hainault and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
Peter, Latin Emperor
10 children
August 1219
aged 44
Conon de Béthune
(regent)
1219
before 1160 17 December 1219
Giovanni Colonna
(regent)
1220-1221
ca. 1170 28 January 1245
Robert I
1221-1228
Robertus -Courtenay.jpg son of Peter II of Courtenay and Yolanda of Flanders, Latin Emperors 25 March 1221 Lady of Neuville
1227
no children
January 1228
Morea, Principality of Achaea
John
(senior co-emperor
for the underage
Baldwin II)
1229-1237
JanBrienne.jpg c. 1170
son of Erard II of Brienne and Agnes de Montfaucon
(1) Queen Maria of Jerusalem
14 September 1210
one daughter

(2) Stephanie of Armenia
one son

(3) Berengaria of León
1224
4 children
27 March 1237
aged about 67
Baldwin II
1228-1261
Baldwinus2 Courtenay.jpg 1217
son of Peter II of Courtenay, Latin Emperor and Yolanda of Flanders, Latin Empress
15 April 1240
began reign in 1228
Marie of Brienne
1234
one son
October 1273
Naples, Kingdom of Sicily
aged 43

 


Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem (c.1058-1118), from the Abrégé de la Chronique de Jerusalem, France, 15th century. (De Agostini.
 
   
Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, was crowned the first ‘Latin’ emperor as Baldwin I on 16 May 1204. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline. Weakened by constant warfare with the Bulgarians and the unconquered sections of the empire, it eventually fell when Byzantines recaptured Constantinople under Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century.

Name

The original name of this state in the Latin language was Imperium Romaniae (“Empire of Romania”). This name was used based on the fact that the common name for the Byzantine {!} Empire in this period had been Romania (Ῥωμανία, "Land of the Romans").

The names Byzantine and Latin were not contemporaneous terms. They were invented much later by historians seeking to differentiate between the classical period of the Roman Empire, the medieval period of the Byzantine Empire, and the late medieval Latin Empire, all of which called themselves "Roman." The term Latin has been used because the crusaders (Franks, Venetians, and other westerners) were Roman Catholic and used Latin as their liturgical and scholarly language. It is used in contrast to the Eastern Orthodox locals who used Greek in both liturgy and common speech.

 
Siege of Constantinople 1235

The Siege of Constantinople (1235) was a joint Bulgarian-Nicaean siege on the capital of the Latin Empire. Latin emperor John of Brienne was besieged by the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes and Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. The siege remained unsuccessful.

 
Administration

The empire was formed and administered on Western European feudal principles, incorporating some elements of the Byzantine bureaucracy. The emperor was assisted by a council, composed of the various barons, the Venetian Podestà of Constantinople and his six-member council. This council had a major voice in the governance of the realm, especially in periods of regency, when the Regent (moderator imperii) was dependent on their consent to rule. The podestà, likewise, was an extremely influential member, being practically independent of the emperor. He exercised authority over the Venetian quarters of Constantinople and Pera and the Venetian dominions within the empire, assisted by a separate set of officials. His role was more that of an ambassador and vicegerent of Venice than a vassal to the empire. The podestà was granted the title of Governor of One-Fourth and One-Half of the Empire of Romania, and was entitled to wearing the imperial crimson buskins like the emperor.

 
Podestà of Constantinople (W)

The Podestà of Constantinople was the official in charge of Venetian possessions in the Latin Empire and the Venetian quarter of Constantinople during the 13th century. Nominally a vassal to the Latin Emperor, the Podestà functioned as a ruler in his own right, and answered to the Doge of Venice. The podestà was also officially known as Governor of One-Fourth and One-Half of the Empire of Romania and was entitled to wearing the crimson buskins as the emperors.

The Venetians had enjoyed their own quarter in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople since the 1082 chrysobull of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. How that colony colony was governed is unknown; most likely it elected its own local elders, but occasionally consuls sent from Venice, or passing captains of the Venetian fleet, may have assumed some political responsibility.

The Venetian position in Constantinople was immensely strengthened as a result of the Fourth Crusade, in which the Venetian fleet, and the Doge Enrico Dandolo, played a critical role. In the aftermath of the Sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire, he secured for Venice terms that made it paramount in the new state: the Republic claimed three eighths of the former Byzantine possessions, ensured recognition of the privileges the Republic had enjoyed under the Byzantine emperors, secured a dominant voice in the election of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, and pushed through its own candidate, Baldwin of Flanders, as the first Latin Emperor. Dandolo himself remained in Constantinople and received the exalted Byzantine title of Despot. Until his death on 29 May 1205, in the aftermath of the disastrous Battle of Adrianople, he remained the ruler of the local Venetians, and one of the most important statesmen of the Latin Empire.

 



📹 Byzantine Empire successor states / 1204-1261 — Nicaea, Epirus, Trebizond (VİDEO)

📹 Byzantine Empire successor states / 1204-1261 — Nicaea, Epirus, Trebizond (LINK)

The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the three Byzantine Greek successor states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade. Founded by the Laskaris family, it lasted from 1204 to 1261, when the Nicaean recovered the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople.

 



Empire of Nicaea

Empire of ‘Nicaea’ 1204-1261 (W)
🔎

The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus — the borders are very uncertain. (W)

The Empire of Nicaea or the Nicene Empire was the largest of the three Byzantine Greek rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade. Founded by the Laskaris family, it lasted from 1204 to 1261, when the Nicaeans restored the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople.

In 1204, Byzantine emperor Alexios V Ducas Murtzouphlos fled Constantinople after crusaders invaded the city. Soon after, Theodore I Lascaris, the son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos, was proclaimed emperor but he too, realizing the situation in Constantinople was hopeless, fled to the city of Nicaea (today İznik) in Bithynia.

The Latin Empire, established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire sprang up in Epirus, Trebizond, and Nicaea. Trebizond had broken away as an independent state a few weeks before the fall of Constantinople. Nicaea, however, was the closest to the Latin Empire and was in the best position to attempt to re-establish the Byzantine Empire.

 




📹 Wars of the Byzantine Partition / Every Month (4th Crusade) (VİDEO)

Wars of the Byzantine Partition / Every Month (4th Crusade) (LINK)

Following the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine Empire was partitioned between the Latin crusaders who had sacked Constantinople. A 57 year long struggle for control of Greece ensued between the Latin and Greek successor states.

 




Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem, by Francesco Hayez. (L)
🔎





  Crusader ‘states’

Crusader states

Crusader states (W)


The Near East in 1135, with the Crusader states marked with red crosses.
 
   

The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal Christian states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land, and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area. The name also refers to other territorial gains (often small and short-lived) made by medieval Christendom against Muslim and pagan adversaries.

The Crusader states in the Levant — the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the County of Edessa —were the first examples of “Europe overseas.” They are generally known by historians as Outremer, from the French outre-mer ("overseas" in English). Of the enormous literature which the crusades inspired in Europe, only one poem of any importance was actually written in the Holy Land, or Outremer as the Latins called it: the so-called Chanson des Chetifs, produced at Antioch a little before 1149.

Frank and Latinwere used during the Crusades for Western Europeans, distinguishing them from Greeks.

...

The “Law of Conquest” supported the seizure of land and property by impecunious Crusaders from the autochthonous population, enabling poor men to become rich and part of a noble class. Although some historians, like Jotischky, question the model once proposed, in which the primary motivation was understood in sociological and economic rather than spiritual terms. The Franks did not distinguish on grounds of religion; the basic division in society was between Frank and non-Frank, rather than between Christian and Muslim. The new Frankish ruling class did not expel the native population, but adopted strict segregation and at no point attempted to integrate it by way of religious conversion. In this way the Crusaders created a colonial noble class that perpetuated itself through an incessant flow of religious pilgrims and settlers keen to take economic advantage.

Records preserved from John of Ibelin (jurist) indicate that the military force of the kingdom was based on a feudal host of about 647 to 675 knights in 1170. Each feudatory would also provide his own armed retainers. This force would be augmented by mercenary serjants and John records 5,025 of these. In times of emergency the King could also call upon a general muster of the population. The historian Joshua Prawer estimates that the military orders could match the fighting strength of the king’s army meaning that the total military strength of the kingdom was can be estimated at 1,200 knights and 10,000 serjants. This meant that conquest was possible, but ephemeral because of a lack of the numbers to maintain military domination. This demograhic lack of numbers was also a problem defensively as putting an army into the field required the draining of every Crusader castle and city of every able bodied fighting man. In the case of a defeat such as Hittin there remained no one to resist the invaders. Muslim armies were in-cohesive and seldom campaigned beyond a period between sowing and harvest. As a result the Crusaders adopted tactics, that when faced with a superior invading Muslim force, in which they would avoid direct confrontation instead retreating to strongholds and waiting for the Muslim army to disperse. It took generations before the Muslims recognised that the destruction of walled cities and castles would end Crusader rule. This strategic change forced the Crusaders into their ultimately unsuccessful strategy of destroying Egypt in order to gain enough time to improve the Kingdoms demographic weakness.


13th century depiction of the reconstruction of the temple of Jerusalem from the Old French translation of Guillaume de Tyr's “Histoire d'Outremer.”
 
   

The key differentiator in status and economic position in the Crusader States was between urban and rural dwellers. There was no Frankish peasant class, this was a role fulfilled by the native peoples. The Franks imposed their own feudal culture on agricultural production which made little difference in the conditions of the rural population. However, the poll tax on non-Muslims was reversed enabling the feudal Lords to raise punitive levels of revenue from the indigenous peoples, whether Muslim, Jewish or Christian. Very few Muslims lived in urban areas except those in servitude, although indigenous Christians could gain legal status and acquire wealth through commerce and industry in towns.

The territorial gains followed distinct ethnic and linguistic entities. The Principality of Antioch, founded in 1098 and ruled by Bohemond, became Norman in character and custom. The Kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, followed the traditions of northern France. The County of Tripoli, founded in 1104 (although the city of Tripoli itself remained in Muslim control until 1109) by Raymond de Saint-Gilles became Provençal. The County of Edessa, founded in 1098, differed in that although it was ruled by the French Bouillons and Courteneys its largely Armenian and Jacobite native nobility was preserved. These states were the first examples of “Europe overseas.” They are generally known by historians as Outremer, from the French outre-mer ("overseas" in English).


Crusader States after the First Crusade (W)

Consolidation in the first half of the 12th-century established four Crusader states:

These states were the first examples of "Europe overseas". They are generally known as outremer, from the French outre-mer ("overseas" in English).

 


Crusader States after the Fourth Crusade (W)

After the Fourth Crusade, the territories of the Byzantine Empire were divided into several states, beginning the so-called "Francocracy" (Greek: Φραγκοκρατία) period:

 

 








  Northern Crusades (12th and 13th centuries)

Northern Crusades

Northern Crusades (12th and 13th centuries) (W)


Northern countries during the 13th and early 14th centuries.

Conquered by Denmark in 1219


The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were religious wars undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and to a lesser extent also against Orthodox Christian Slavs (East Slavs). The crusades took place mostly in the 12th and 13th centuries and resulted in the subjugation and forced baptism of indigenous peoples.

The most notable campaigns were the Livonian and Prussian crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, but others, including most of the Swedish ones, were first dubbed crusades by 19th-century romantic nationalist historians. However, crusades against northern pagans were authorized by Pope Alexander III in the bull Non parum animus noster, in 1171 or 1172

 



Prussian Crusade

Prussian Crusade 1217-1274 (W)


Baltic tribes and Prussian clans c. 1200.
Date 1217–1274
Location
Modern-day Kaliningrad Oblast and northwestern Poland
Result Crusader victory
Territorial changes Teutonic Knights gain control of Prussia


The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to subjugate and exterminate or, alternatively, Christianize under duress the pagan Old Prussians.

Invited after earlier unsuccessful expeditions against the Prussians by Christian Polish kings, the Teutonic Knights began campaigning against the Prussians, Lithuanians and Samogitians in 1230. By the end of the century, having quelled several Prussian Uprisings, the Knights had established control over Prussia and administered the conquered Prussians through their monastic state, eventually erasing the Prussian language, culture and pre-Christian religion by a combination of physical and ideological force. The remainder of the Prussians who escaped mass extermination joined the Lithuanian nation.

 



Teutonic Order

Teutonic Order (W)

Extent of the Teutonic Order in 1300.
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The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, German: Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The Teutonic Order was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.

Purely religious since 1929, the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary knighthoods. The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order, a Protestant chivalric order, is descended from the same medieval military order and also continues to award knighthoods and perform charitable work.

 



   

📹 Prussian Crusade — 3 Minute History (VİDEO)

Prussian Crusade — 3 Minute History (LINK)

Comment
Great vid, I just think a small detail is worth mentioning, that the old Prussians are not related to modern Germans. From an ethno-linguistic perspective, old Prussians were balts (Lithuanians and Latvians nowadays) and not of Germanic ethno-linguistic group. A vast majority of people when using the term "Prussian" refer to Germans colonists or Germanized balts.
 

 



📹 Battle of Grunwald 1410 — Northern Crusades (VİDEO)

Battle of Grunwald 1410 — Northern Crusades (LINK)

The Baltic tribes were the last pagans of Europe and both the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire were interested in baptizing them. However, this process was not peaceful and two knightly orders were tasked with bringing the new faith to the Baltics - Teutonic and Livonian. Their activity, that would be later known as the Northern Crusades, led to a number of wars with the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania. Eventually, these states entered a union. The ensuing war between the Polish-Lithuanian alliance and the Teutonic Order culminated in the battle of Grunwald in 1410.

 



📹 The Northern Crusades and the Teutonic Order (VİDEO)

The Northern Crusades and the Teutonic Order (LINK)

A brief look at what was going on in the Baltic during the High Middle Ages, and how that shaped the dynamic of the region for centuries to come.

 









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