Abdülaziz
CKM 2019-20 / Aziz Yardımlı
idea yayınevi site haritası 
 

🕑 OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU ZAMANÇİZGİSİ (PDF)

 

 

SİTELER

• ___
• ___
  ___
  ___

 

Abdülaziz

  Abdülaziz 1830-1876 1861-1876

“Reception for the Sultan of Turkey, Guildhall, City of London, 1867 ”
🔎
Reception for the Sultan of Turkey, Guildhall, City of London, 1867
(Empfang für den Sultan der Türkei, Guildhall, City of London, 1867)
1867 | lithograph
   

Abdülaziz

Abdülaziz Abdülaziz 1830-1876 1861-1876 (W)


Abdülaziz
Born: 8 February 1830 Died: 4 June 1876
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Abdulmejid I		 Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
25 Jun 1861 – 30 May 1876		 Succeeded by
Murad V
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by
Abdulmejid I		 Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
25 Jun 1861 – 30 May 1876		 Succeeded by
Murad V

📂 DATA

32nd Ottoman Sultan (Emperor)
Reign 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876
Predecessor Abdulmejid I
Successor Murad V
 
Born 8 February 1830
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died 4 June 1876 (aged 46)
Çırağan Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, Fatih, Istanbul
Consorts Dürrünev Kadın
Hayranidil Kadın
Edadil Kadın
Nesrin Kadın
Gevheri Kadın
Issue see below
Full name
Abdul Aziz bin Mahmud
Dynasty Ottoman
Father Mahmud II
Mother Pertevniyal Sultan
Religion Sunni Islam

 

Family

Family

First marriage
  • Dürrünev Kadın (Batumi, c. 1835 – Feriye Palace, Istanbul, 7 December 1895, buried in Mahmud II Mausoleum), married at Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace in 1856, and had issue:
    • Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin (11 October 1857 – 1 February 1916);
      • Şehzade Mehmed Bahaeddin (February 1883 – 8 November 1883);
      • Hatice Şükriye Sultan (24 February 1906 – 1 April 1972);
      • Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin (10 January 1909 – 19 March 1933);
      • Mihriban Mihrişah Sultan (1 June 1916 – 25 January 1987);
    • Fatma Saliha Sultan (Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace, 11 July 1862 – 1941, Cairo, Egypt, and buried in Khedive Tewfik Mausoleum);

Second marriage
  • Hayranidil Kadın (Kars, 21 November 1846 – Feriye Palace, Istanbul, 26 November 1895, buried in Mahmud II Mausoleum), married at Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace in 1861, and had issue:

Third marriage
  • Edadil Kadın (c. 1845 – Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 12 December 1875, buried in Mahmud II Mausoleum), married at Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace in 1861, and had issue:
    • Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin (14 November 1862 – 1 September 1888);
    • Şehzade Mehmed Selim (28 October 1865 – 21 October 1867);
    • Emine Sultan (Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace, 30 November 1866 – 23 January 1867, Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace, buried in Sultan Mahmud II Mausoleum, Divanyolu, Istanbul);

Fourth marriage
  • Nesrin Kadın (Sochi, c. 1848 – Feriye Palace, 11 June 1876, Istanbul, buried in New ladies Mausoleum), married at Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace in 1868, and had issue:
    • Şehzade Mehmed Şevket (5 June 1872 – 22 October 1899);
      • Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin (28 October 1890 – 18 November 1946);
    • Emine Sultan (Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace, 24 August 1874 – 29 January 1920, buried in New Mosque, Istanbul);

Fifth marriage
  • Gevheri Kadın (Gudauta, 8 July 1856 – Feriye Palace, Istanbul, 6 September 1884, buried in New ladies Mausoleum), married at Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace in 1872, and had issue:
    • Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin (21 September 1874 – 19 October 1927);
      • Şehzade Mehmed Abdülaziz (26 September 1901 – 19 January 1977);
      • Şehzade Mahmud Şevket (30 July 1903 – 1 February 1973);
      • Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid (30 November 1904 – 24 April 1966);
      • Fatma Gevheri Sultan (30 November 1904 – 10 December 1980);
    • Esma Sultan (Istanbul, Dolmabahçe Palace, 21 March 1873 – 7 May 1899, buried in Sultan Mahmud II Mausoleum, Divanyolu, Istanbul);

 

 
   

Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز / ʻAbdü'l-ʻAzīz, Turkish: Abdülaziz; 8 February 1830 – 4 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876. He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abdulmejid I in 1861.

Born at Eyüp Palace, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), on 8 February 1830, Abdülaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the material progress that was made in the West. He was the first Ottoman Sultan who travelled to Western Europe, visiting a number of important European capitals including Paris, Londonand Vienna in the summer of 1867.

Apart from his passion for the Ottoman Navy, which had the world’s third largest fleet in 1875 (after the British and French navies), the Sultan took an interest in documenting the Ottoman Empire. He was also interested in literature and was a talented classical music composer. Some of his compositions, together with those of the other members of the Ottoman dynasty, have been collected in the album European Music at the Ottoman Court by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music. He was deposed on grounds of mismanaging the Ottoman economy on 30 May 1876, and was found dead six days later under unnatural and mysterious circumstances.

Early life


1867 Sultan Abdulaziz' visit to Napoleon III.
 
   

His parents were Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan (1812-1883), originally named Besime, a Circassian. In 1868 Pertevniyal was residing at Dolmabahçe Palace. That year Abdülaziz took the visiting Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of France, to see his mother. Pertevniyal considered the presence of a foreign woman within her private quarters of the seraglio to be an insult. She reportedly slapped Eugénie across the face, which almost caused an international incident. According to another account, Pertevniyal was outraged by the forwardness of Eugénie in taking the arm of one of her sons while he gave a tour of the palace garden, and she gave the Empress a slap on the stomach as a possibly more subtly intended reminder that they were not in France.

The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque was built under the patronage of his mother. The construction work began in November 1869 and the mosque was finished in 1871.

His paternal grandparents were Sultan Abdul Hamid I and Sultana Nakşidil Sultan. Several accounts identify his paternal grandmother with Aimée du Buc de Rivéry, a cousin of Empress Joséphine. Pertevniyal was a sister of Khushiyar Qadin, third wife of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. Khushiyar and Ibrahim were the parents of Isma'il Pasha.

 

Voyage de S.-M. Imperatrice a Constantinople.
 
   
 


Ottoman Exhibtion Building Constantinople, 1863 (Victorian engraving from The Illustrated London News April 11th, 1863).
 


1863, THE RECEPTION AT CAIRO OF THE SULTAN’S ENVOY TO THE NEW PACHA OF EGYPT. From The Illustrated London News April 11th, 1863.
 


Original Old Antique Print 1863 Scene, Sultan Entering Citadel of Cairo, Egypt from the Illustrated London News dated 1863; sketch By F. George.
 


Original Old Antique Print The Citadel Cairo Egypt Rock Castle 1881 Victorian, from the Illustrated London News.
 


1863, Sultan Progress Through Cairo Egypt Procession Horses Carriage, from The Illustrated London News.
 


1863 Old Original Antique Victorian Print Gateway Sultan New Palace Bosphorus Balzan Architecture 1863 Builder. (The Builder is a magazine focusing on architecture, started in 1843 and has since continued publication till 2010).
 


1863 MAY 23 Original Antique Print taken from the Illustrated London News: “Sultan's Return from Egypt: Royal Yacht passing up the Bosphorus.”
 


Original Old Antique Print 1881 Scene Bazaar Cairo Egypt Buildings Fine Art.

Reign


Mehmet Emin Ali Paşa.
 
   

Between 1861 and 1871, the Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdulmejid I were continued under the leadership of his chief ministers, Mehmed Fuad Pasha and Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha. New administrative districts (vilayets) were set up in 1864 and a Council of State was established in 1868. Public education was organized on the French model and Istanbul University was reorganised as a modern institution in 1861. He was also integral in establishing the first Ottoman civil code.

Napoleon III.
 
   

Abdülaziz cultivated good relations with the Second French Empire and the British Empire. In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe; his trip included a visit to the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris and a trip to the United Kingdom, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail Pasha. He travelled by a private rail car, which today can be found in the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul. His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond, Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland, Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (a son of Queen Victoria), Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia.

Photograph of Queen Victoria, 1882.
 
   

Also in 1867, Abdülaziz became the first Ottoman Sultan to formally recognize the title of Khedive (Viceroy) to be used by the Vali (Governor) of the Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517-1867), which thus became the autonomous Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867-1914). Muhammad Ali Pasha and his descendants had been the governors (Vali) of Ottoman Egypt and Sudan since 1805, but were willing to use the higher title of Khedive, which was unrecognized by the Ottoman government until 1867. In return, the first Khedive, Ismail Pasha, had agreed a year earlier (in 1866) to increase the annual tax revenues which Egypt and Sudan would provide for the Ottoman treasury. Between 1854 and 1894, the revenues from Egypt and Sudan were often declared as a surety by the Ottoman government for borrowing loans from British and French banks. After the Ottoman government declared a sovereign default on its foreign debt repayments on 30 October 1875, which triggered the Great Eastern Crisis in the empire’s Balkan provinces that led to the devastating Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) and the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881, the importance for Britain of the sureties regarding the Ottoman revenues from Egypt and Sudan increased. Combined with the much more important Suez Canal which was opened in 1869, these sureties were influential in the British government's decision to occupy Egypt and Sudan in 1882, with the pretext of helping the Ottoman-Egyptian government to put down the ʻUrabi Revolt (1879-1882). Egypt and Sudan (together with Cyprus) nominally remained Ottoman territories until 5 November 1914, when the British Empire declared war against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

In 1869, Abdülaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal. The Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII, twice visited Istanbul.


The future Edward VII.
 
   

By 1871 both Mehmed Fuad Pasha and Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha were dead. The Second French Empire, his Western European model, had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War by the North German Confederation under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia. Abdülaziz turned to the Russian Empire for friendship, as unrest in the Balkan provinces continued. In 1875, the Herzegovinian rebellion was the beginning of further unrest in the Balkan provinces. In 1876, the April Uprising saw insurrection spreading among the Bulgarians. Ill feeling mounted against Russia for its encouragement of the rebellions.

While no one event led to his being deposed, the crop failure of 1873 and his lavish expenditures on the Ottoman Navy and on new palaces which he had built, along with mounting public debt, helped to create an atmosphere conducive to his being overthrown. Abdülaziz was deposed by his ministers on 30 May 1876.
 

Queen Victoria and Abdülaziz aboard HMY Victoria and Albert during the Sultan's official visit to the United Kingdom in 1867.

The Ottoman Empire in 1862.

Admiral Hasan Rami Pasha supported the sultan's modernizing efforts.

Death

Abdülaziz's death at Çırağan Palace in Istanbul a few days later was documented as a suicide at the time, but suspicions of murder promptly erupted.

On the morning of June 5, Abdülaziz asked for a pair of scissors with which to trim his beard. Shortly after this he was found dead in a pool of blood flowing from two wounds in his arms. His body was examined by 17 physicians ("Dr. Marco, Nouri, A. Sotto, Physician attached to the Imperial and Royal Embassy of Austria‐Hungary; Dr. Spagnolo, Marc Markel, Jatropoulo, Abdinour, Servet, J. de Castro, A. Marroin, Julius Millingen, C. Caratheodori; E. D. Dickson, Physician of the British Embassy; Dr. O. Vitalis, Physician of the Sanitary Board; Dr. E. Spadare, J. Nouridjian, Miltiadi Bey, Mustafa, Mehmed") who certified that the death had been “caused by the loss of blood produced by the wounds of the blood‐vessels at the joints of the arms” and that “the direction and nature of the wounds, together with the instrument which is said to have produced them, lead us to conclude that suicide had been committed.”

One of those physicians also stated that “His skin was very pale, and entirely free from bruises, marks or spots of any kind whatever. There was no lividity of the lips indicating suffocation nor any sign of pressure having been applied to the throat.”

In Sultan Abdulhamid II's recently surfaced memoirs, the event is described as an assassination by the order of Hüseyin Avni Pasha and Midhat Pasha. According to this source, when Sultan Murad V began to show signs of paranoia, madness and continuous fainting and vomiting even on the day of his coronation and threw himself into a pool yelling at his guards to protect his life, they were afraid the public would become outraged and revolt to bring the former Sultan back. Within a few days, on 4 June 1876, they arranged for Sultan Abdülaziz to kill himself with scissors, cutting his wrists.
 

Voyage de S. M. l'Impératrice. —
Constantinople. Réception par S. M. du corps diplomatique dans la grande salle du palais de Beylerbey. (L)
 

Voyage de l'Impératrice. —
Constantinople. - Revue passée en l'honneur de l'Impératrice. - La tribune impériale, à Unkiad-Skelassi, décorateur des kiosques impériaux) (L)

Achievements

 








  Osman Hamdi Bey 1842-1910

Osman Hamdi Bey

Osman Hamdi Bey 1842-1910 (W)

Osman Hamdi Bey (Constantinople 30 December 1842 – 24 February 1910) was an Ottoman administrator, intellectual, art expert and also a prominent and pioneering painter. He was also an accomplished archaeologist, and is regarded as the pioneer of the museum curator's profession in Turkey. He was the founder of Istanbul Archaeology Museums and of Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi in Turkish), known today as the Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts.
 
Early life

Early life

Early life (W)

Osman Hamdi was the son of Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, an Ottoman Grand Vizier (in office 1877–1878, replacing Midhat Pasha) who was originally a Greek boy from the Ottoman island of Sakız (Chios) orphaned at a very young age following the Chios massacre there. He was adopted by Kaptan-ı Derya (Grand Admiral) Hüsrev Pasha and eventually rose to the ranks of the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire.

Osman Hamdi went to primary school in the popular Istanbul quarter of Beşiktaş; after which he studied Law, first in Istanbul (1856) and then in Paris (1860). However, he decided to pursue his interest in painting instead, left the Law program, and trained under French orientalist painters Jean-Léon Gérôme and Gustave Boulanger. During his nine-year stay in Paris, the international capital of fine arts at the time, he showed a keen interest for the artistic events of his day.

His stay in Paris was also marked by the first ever visit by an Ottoman sultan to Western Europe, when Sultan Abdülaziz was invited to the Exposition Universelle (1867) by Emperor Napoleon III. He also met many of the Young Ottomans in Paris, and even though he was exposed to their liberal ideas, he did not participate in their political activities, being the son of an Ottoman pasha who was loyal to the sultan and did not challenge the old absolutist system. Osman Hamdi Bey also met his first wife Marie, a French woman, in Paris when he was a student. After receiving his father's blessings, she accompanied him to Istanbul (Constantinople) when he returned in 1869, where the two got married and had two daughters.

Once back in Turkey, he was sent to the Ottoman province of Baghdad as part of the administrative team of Midhat Pasha (the leading political figure and reformer among the Young Ottomans who enacted the First Ottoman Constitution in 1876, Midhat Pasha served as the Grand Vizier between 1876–1877, before being replaced by İbrahim Edhem Pasha, Osman Hamdi Bey's father.) In 1871, Osman Hamdi returned to Istanbul, as the vice-director of the Protocol Office of the Palace. During the 1870s, he worked on several assignments in the upper echelons of the Ottoman bureaucracy.

 
 
Career

Career

Career (W)


Osman Hamdi Bey, in the middle left, featured with others at an archaeological site in Turkey, 1891-92.
 
   

Osman Hamdi exhibited three paintings at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle. None seem to have survived today, but their titles were Repose of the Gypsies, Black Sea Soldier Lying in Wait, and Death of the Soldier. An important step in his career was his assignment as the director of the Imperial Museum (Müze-i Hümayun) in 1881. He used his position as museum director to develop the museum and rewrite the antiquities laws and to create nationally sponsored archaeological expeditions. Osman Hamdi focused on building relationships with international institutions, notably the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received an honorary degree in 1894. In 1902, he painted the excavation of Nippur as a gift to the University of Pennsylvania Museum. In 1882, he instituted and became director of the Academy of Fine Arts, which provided Ottomans with training in aesthetics and artistic techniques without leaving the empire. In 1884, he oversaw the promulgation of a Regulation prohibiting historical artifacts from being smuggled abroad (Asar-ı Atîka Nizamnamesi), a giant step in constituting a legal framework of preservation of the antiquities. Representatives or middlemen of 19th-century European Powers routinely smuggled artifacts with historical value from within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire (which then comprised the geographies of ancient Greek and Mesopotamian civilizations, among others), often resorting to shadily obtained licenses or bribes, to enrich museums in European capitals.

He conducted the first scientific based archaeological researches done by a Turkish team. His digs included sites as varied as the Commagene tomb-sanctuary in Nemrut Dağı in southeastern Anatolia (a top tourist's venue in Turkey and a UNESCO World Heritage Site today, within the Adıyaman Province), the Hekate sanctuary in Lagina in southwestern Anatolia (much less visited, and within the Muğla Province today), and Sidon in Lebanon. The sarcophagi he discovered in Sidon (including the one known as the Alexander Sarcophagus, although this sarcophagus is thought to contain the remains of either Abdalonymus, King of Sidon; or Mazaeus, a Persian noble who was also the governor of Babylon) are considered among the worldwide jewels of archaeological findings. To lodge these, he started building what is today the Istanbul Archaeology Museum in 1881. The museum officially opened in 1891 under his directorship.

Throughout his professional career as museum and academy director, Osman Hamdi continued to paint in the style of his teachers, Gérôme and Boulanger. Yet, he frequently depicted himself and his family members in these paintings, complicating an assumption of a removed orientalist gaze in his work.

 
 
The Tortoise Trainer

The Tortoise Trainer

The Tortoise Trainer (W)

Hamdi's 1906 painting, The Tortoise Trainer, holds the record for the most valuable Turkish painting, after being sold for 5 million Turkish Lira (approximately 3.5 million dollars) in December 2004. At the 2004 Artam Antik A.Ç. auction in Istanbul, the Pera Museum and the Turkish Modern Museum fought to acquire the painting, and was ultimately purchased by the Pera Museum. The painting depicts Hamdi's likeness clad in antiquated clothing, training tortoises in a mosque. This choice of subject matter leads many to see this painting as a commentary on Turkey's conflicted national identity. The painting expresses a sarcastic innuendo on the painter's own view of his style of work compared to those of his collaborators and apprentices, and is also a reference to the historical fact of tortoises having been employed for illuminative and decorative purposes, by placing candles on the shell, in evening outings during the Tulip Era in the early 18th century. The painting was acquired by the Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation and is currently on display at the Pera Museum in İstanbul, which was established by this foundation.

Modern researchers have identified the animals portrayed are Testudo graeca ibera, a variety of the Spur-thighed tortoise. A reproduction of the painting appeared on the cover of the Bibliotheca Herpetologica issue in which the paper about the identification was published.

Historian Edhem Eldem has identified the source of the painting as an engraving of a Korean circus entertainer printed in Le Tour du Monde (1869) which was a popular French travel magazine. The meaning or any symbolic significance of the tortoises is still contested by scholars.

 
 
Work

Work

Work (W)

Osman Hamdi was a prolific painter and author, whose work dealt with themes of archaeology, travel and folk customs in the Middle East.

Hamdi studied painting in Paris under Gustave Boulanger and Jean-Léon Gérôme, two prominent artists in the French Orientalist school. Despite being trained by Gérôme and Boulanger, and his reproduction of European orientalist motifs, Hamdi's paintings present Ottoman subjects differently than his contemporaries' works, most notably giving them more active and intellectual roles. Hamdi's status as an Ottoman intellectual causes many to see his use of orientalist motifs as subversive and critical of European orientalism. During his lifetime, his artwork was displayed more frequently in Europe than in Turkey.

From 1880 on, he exhibited in Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Munich and London, and started a Salon in Constantinople. His works bear witness to a patient and conscientious method, and may be considered as documents of art history. He was the first who dared break with the Turkish pictorial tradition.

Among his works we may cite : “Prophet’s Tomb at Brussa”, “Miraculous Springs (Paris 1904)”, “Reading the Coran, 1890”, “Theologian” (Patrimony of the Austrian Court).

These paintings can be found in private collections and in museums in Vienna, Paris, Liverpool, New York, Berlin and Constantinople (at the Palace of Dolma Bagdsche, at the home of Crown Prince Abdulmedjid).

His painting of "Reading the Coran, 1890" has been exhibited at “XI BIENNALE INTERNATIONALE DES ANTIQUAIRES” in Paris in 1982 and at the “FINE ART OF THE NETHERLANDS” at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in November 1982.

 

Museums

Museums (W)

Berlin “Persian Merchant”, Constantinople “Girl reading” and Liverpool “Young Emir studying”.

 

Select list of publications

Select list of publications (W)

  • Les Costumes Populaires de la Turquie en 1873, (Popular Costumes in Turkey in 1873) by Osman Hamdi Bey, Marie de Launay and photographs by Pascal Sébah, Turkey, Commission Impériale Ottomane pour l'Exposition Universelle de Vienne, 1873
  • Un Ottoman en Orient: Osman Hamdi Bey en Irak, 1869-1871 (An Ottoman in the Orient: Osman Hambdi Bey in Iraq) by Osman Hamdi Bey, Rudolf Lindau, Marie de Launay and Edhem Eldem, c. 1871
  • Une Nécropole Royale à Sidon: Fouilles de Hamdy Bey, (A Royal Necropolis in Sidon: Excavations by Hamdy Bey) by Osman Hamdi Bey, Paris, E. Leroux, 1892
  • Le voyage à Nemrud Dağı d'Osman Hamdi Bey et Osgan Efendi (1883): récit de voyage et photographies, (The trip to Nemrud Dağı by Osman Hamdi Bey and Osgan Efendi (1883): travelogue and photographs) by Osman Hamdi Bey, Paris, 1883
  • Le Tumulus de Nemrut-Dagi, (The Nemrut-Dagi Mound), by Osman Hamdi Bey, Constantinople, F. Lœffler, 1883

 

🎨 Selected paintings

Selected paintings (W)


Arms Dealer(1908). (L)
 
 

Women in Front of Mosque (1882).
 
 

“Ladies Taking A Walk Holding Umbrellas.”
 

 

🎨 Paintings at the Pera Museum, Istanbul

Paintings at the Pera Museum, Istanbul (W)


“Two Musician Girls.”
 
 

 

🎨 Paintings at museums outside Turkey

Paintings at museums outside Turkey (W)


Persian carpet dealer on the street (1888), Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin.
 

Man in front of children's tombs in a türbe (1903), Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

 
 
Family

Family

Family (W)

 

 

 




SİTE İÇİ ARAMA       


  Pierre-Désiré Guillemet
   
 
“Portrait of a Lady of the Court Playing the Tambourine,” Pierre Désiré Guillemet.
🔎
 
   
   

Pierre-Désiré Guillemet

Pierre-Désiré Guillemet 1827-1878 (Wf)

Pierre-Désiré Guillemet, né à Lyon le 29 mars 1827 et mort à Constantinople le 29 avril 18781, est un peintre d'histoire français. Il adopte également un style orientaliste durant ses treize années passées à Constantinople dans l'Empire ottoman où il devient avec Osman Hamdi Bey l'un des fondateurs des premières écoles d'art de Turquie.

 

Biographie


Élève à l'École des Beaux-Arts de Lyon de 1844 à 1847, Pierre-Désiré Guillemet étudie ensuite la peinture à Paris où il devient un élève du peintre Hippolyte Flandrin.

De 1857 à 1863, il expose régulièrement dans les salons parisiens des portraits et des peintures d'histoire, comme L'impératrice Eugénie, La victoire de Magenta annoncée au conseil de régence ou Le Martyre de sainte Blandine. Guillemet a également exécuté de 1856 à 1869 de nombreuses répliques des portraits de Napoléon III et de l'impératrice Eugénie destinées à être déposées dans des administrations publiques2.

En 1860, il réalise avec Étienne-Antoine-Eugène Ronjat une copie du Radeau de la Méduse en raison de la détérioration de l'œuvre originale au fil du temps, la commande est faite par le responsable du Louvre, Émilien de Nieuwerkerke2, destinée à être prêtée pour des expositions hors du musée.

De 1865 jusqu'à sa mort en 1878, Guillemet s'installe avec sa femme à Constantinople, Empire ottoman, où il devient le peintre du palais à la suite de l'appel du sultan Abdulaziz en mars 1865, qui lui demande de réaliser son portrait3 ; qui est exécuté en 1866.

En 1873, il expose avec sa femme les peintures de Cheker Ahmed Pacha, qui constitue la première exposition d'un peintre turc. L'année suivante, il ouvre une académie de dessin et de peinture sur la rue Hamalbaşi à Péra, quartier européen de Constantinople, devenant la première école d'art de ce genre créée dans la capitale ottomane. Avec sa femme, il donne des cours de dessin et de peinture occidentale en enseignant notamment l'aquarelle et le pastel.

En juin 1876, les élèves de son académie exposent pour la première fois leurs travaux. Son académie de dessin et de peinture devient vite reconnue par de nombreux artistes de l'époque et bénéficie du soutien personnel du sultan Abdulaziz qui autorise l'artiste à peindre des femmes de son harem.

En novembre 1877, Guillemet inaugure l'École d'art impériale (Mekteb-i Sanayi-i Chabane), dont il devient le directeur. Cela quelques années avant la création de l'École des Beaux-Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi) par Osman Hamdi Bey en 1883.

Au cours de la guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878, Guillemet meurt de la typhoïde après l'avoir contracté en voulant aider les réfugiés et les blessés qui affluaient dans la capitale ottomane. Il est inhumé dans le cimetière catholique latin de Feriköy à Istanbul.

 





  Exposition Universelle 1867

Exposition Universelle 1867.
 

Exposition Universelle (1867)

Exposition Universelle 1867 (W)

The International Exposition of 1867 (French: Exposition universelle [d'art et d'industrie] de 1867), was the second world's fair to be held in Paris, from 1 April to 3 November 1867. A number of nations were represented at the fair. Following a decree of Emperor Napoleon III, the exposition was prepared as early as 1864, in the midst of the renovation of Paris, marking the culmination of the Second French Empire. Visitors included Tsar Alexander II of Russia, a brother of the emperor of Japan, King William and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, Prince Metternich and Franz Josef of Austria, Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, and the Khedive of Egypt Isma’il.
 
Napoleon III receives the rulers and illustrious men who visited the 'Exposition universelle of 1867".
 
 
Conception

Conception

Conception (W)

In 1864, Napoleon III decreed that an international exposition should be held in Paris in 1867. A commission was appointed with Prince Jerome Napoleon as president, under whose direction the preliminary work began. The site chosen for the Exposition Universelle of 1867 was the Champ de Mars, the great military parade ground of Paris, which covered an area of 119 acres (48 ha) and to which was added the island of Billancourt, of 52 acres (21 ha). The principal building was rectangular in shape with rounded ends, having a length of 1608 feet (490 m) and a width of 1247 feet (380 m), and in the center was a pavilion surmounted by a dome and surrounded by a garden, 545 feet (166 m) long and 184 feet (56 m) wide, with a gallery built completely around it. In addition to the main building, there were nearly 100 smaller buildings on the grounds. Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Ernest Renan, and Theophile Gautier all wrote publications to promote the event.

 
 
Exhibits

Exhibits

Exhibits (W)

There were 50,226 exhibitors, of whom 15,055 were from France and her colonies, 6176 from Great Britain and Ireland, 703 from the United States and a small contingent from Canada. The funds for the construction and maintenance of the exposition consisted of grants of $1,165,020 from the French government, a like amount from the city of Paris, and about $2,000,000 from public subscription, making a total of $5,883,400; while the receipts were estimated to have been but $2,822,900, thus leaving a deficit, which, however, was offset by the subscriptions from the government and the city of Paris, so that the final report was made to show a gain.

In the "gallery of Labour History" Jacques Boucher de Perthes, exposes one of the first prehistoric tools whose authenticity has been recognized with the accuracy of these theories.

The exhibition also included two prototypes of the much acclaimed and prize-winning hydrochronometer invented in 1867 by Gian Battista Embriaco, O.P. (Ceriana 1829 - Rome 1903), professor at the College of St. Thomas in Rome.

Among the horological exhibits, stood out a monumental model, an elaborate conical pendulum clock crafted by two of France's most important artisans of the second half of the 19th century — renowned clockmaker E. Farcot and sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Be Belleuse. Farcot exhibited several units, one of them it is currently in the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans. Its base, which features the clock's face and inner mechanical movements, is carved from solid onyx marble. Atop the base, a bronze sculpture depicting a robed female figure holds a scepter. Rotating soundlessly from the female subject's hand, the scepter provides consistent motion that adds to the clock's sense of grandeur and mystery. From its base to the top of the bronze figure stands at nearly 10 feet tall. Farcot, the most well-known of the French conical clock-makers, established himself in 1860 and mastered his craft over a period of 30 years, helping to popularize the unique pendulum escapement, the mechanism which controls the motion of the inner wheels. Carrier de Belleuse was one of the most important and renowned sculptors of the 19th century, as well as the teacher of Auguste Rodin. In 1857, his bronze sculptures grabbed the attention of Napoleon III, and he was commissioned for several important national works, including his most famous piece, Torchere, which still flanks the staircase of the Paris Opera House.

One of the Egyptian exhibits was designed by Auguste Mariette, and featured ancient Egyptian monuments. The Suez Canal Company had an exhibit within the Egyptian exhibits, which it used to sell bonds for funding.

The German manufacturer Krupp displayed a 50-ton cannon made of steel.

Americans displayed their latest telegraph technology and both Cyrus Field and Samuel Morse provided speeches.

The exposition was formally opened on 1 April and closed on 31 October 1867, and was visited by 9,238,967 persons, including exhibitors and employees. This exposition was the greatest up to its time of all international expositions, both with respect to its extent and to the scope of its plan.

 
 
Influence

Influence

Influence (W)


For the first time a Japanese delegation of dignitaries attended an Exposition Universelle.
 
   

For the first time Japan presented art pieces to the world in a national pavilion, especially pieces from the Satsuma and Saga clans in Kyushu. Vincent van Gogh and other artists of the post-impressionism movement of the late 19th century were part of the European art craze inspired by the displays seen here, and wrote often of the Japanese woodcut prints "that one sees everywhere, landscapes and figures." Not only was Van Gogh a collector of the new art brought to Europe from a newly opened Japan, but many other French artists from the late 19th century were also influenced by the Japanese artistic world-view, to develop into Japonism.

The Paris street near Champs de Mars, Rue de L'Exposition was named in hommage to this 1867 universal exhibition.

Jules Verne visited the exhibition in 1867, his take on the newly publicized discovery of electricity inspiring him heavily in his writing of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Chinese and Japanese exhibits at the 1867 Exposition Universelle.
 
   

A famous revival of the ballet Le Corsaire was staged by the Ballet Master Joseph Mazilier in honor of the exhibition at the Théâtre Impérial de l´Opéra on 21 October 1867.

The World Rowing Championships were held on the Seine River in July and was won by the underdog Canadian team from Saint John, New Brunswick which was quickly dubbed by the media as The Paris Crew.

Swedish folk costumes on display at the International Exposition in 1867.
 
   

 
 
 
 
 
 

 





  Chemins de fer Orientaux (Rumeli Demiryolu)

Rumeli Demiryolu (Eisebunn); Dedeağaç İstasyonu.
 
   

🛑 VERİLER

  • İlk tren 1830’da Liverpool-Manchester arasında işlemeye başladı.
  • Osmanlı İmparatorluğunde Avrupa şirketleri aracılığıyla demiryolu kurmak için ilk girişim 1836’da tasarlanan İskenderun-Birecik hattı idi, ama proje gerçekleşemedi.
  • 1851-1856 arasında 211 kilometrelik İskenderiye-Kahire hattı;
  • 1857-1860 arasında 66 kilometrelik Köstence-Çernavoda hattı;
  • 1856-1866 arasında 130 kilometrelik İzmir-Aydın hattı;
  • 1870-1888 arasında Konstantinopolis-Viyana hattı tamamlandı.

  • İÖ 600 yılları sırasında Korint Kıstağı boyunca teknelerin taşınması için 6 - 8.5 km uzunluğunda ilk raylı yol yapıldı: pist 650 yıl boyunca kullanımda kaldı (Diolkos).
  • 1515’te Kardinal Matthäus Lang Avusturya’da bir funiküler demiryolunun betimlemesini yazdı (LINK).


Maden arabası, De Re Metallica (1556). Kılavuz iğne iki tahta levha arasındaki oyuğun içine oturur.
 

 

  • 1720’lerde Kuzey Amerika’da tahta raylar kullanıldı.
  • 1800’lerin başlarında İngiltere’de buharlı lokomotif geliştirildi.


Trevithick's 1802 Coalbrookdale locomotive, 1812. (LINK)
 

 
 

 



Route map.
 
   


Schematic map of Turkey showing railway development at the eve of World War One. (L)
 

Chemins de fer Orientaux (Rumeli Demiryolu) (W)

Chemins de fer Orientaux (Rumeli Demiryolu) (W)

📂 DATA

Overview
Type railway line
System Heavy Rail
Status Operational (fragmented)
Locale European Turkey, southern Bulgaria, northern Greece, Serbia
Termini Vienna
Constantinople  41°00′54″N 28°58′38″ECoordinates:  41°00′54″N 28°58′38″E
Services 2
Operation
Opened 1870
Closed 1937
Owner Ottoman Government (later Turkish Government)
Operator(s) TCDD, SDŽ, BDZ, SEK, ÖS, CFFH
Technical
Track length 1.435mm (Standard gauge)
Number of tracks Double track
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Electrification No

 

The Chemins de fer Orientaux (English: Oriental Railway; Turkish: Rumeli Demiryolu or İstanbul-Viyana Demiryolu) (reporting mark: CO) was an Ottoman railway company operating in Rumelia (the European part of the Ottoman Empire, corresponding to the Balkan peninsula) and later European Turkey, from 1870 to 1937. The CO was one of the five pioneer railways in the Ottoman Empire and built the main trunk line in the Balkans. Between 1889 and 1937, the railway hosted the world-famous Orient Express.

The railway was charted in 1870 to build a line from Istanbul to Vienna. Because of many political problems in the Balkans, construction started and stopped and ownership changed or split often. Not until 1888 did the CO complete its objective, but after the First Balkan War in 1912, the railway was limited to only Eastern Thrace. The CO continued operations as a regional railway until 1937, when the Turkish State Railways absorbed it.
 
History


Poster from 1898.
 

Background

Background (W)

By the second half of the 19th century, the once powerful and dominant Ottoman Empire was declining greatly. {?} The empire's territory in Europe extended from Constantinople to the Danube River and the Carpathian Mountains. However, due to the rise of nationalism in the Balkans, mostly provoked by Russia, the Ottoman Empire was slowly losing its control over the area. The Crimean War had just ended and gave the aging Empire a slight break against Russian influence over the Balkans. The Sultanate in İstanbul looked to strengthen its sovereignty in the region and help its declining economy during the short peace. Trade by sea was dominated by the British naval monopoly, so the Sublime Porte had to look at other ways of transport. Railways showed their effectiveness in western Europe and the Ottomans sought to bring this technology into the empire. The Sultanate looked to build a railway from Constantinople to Vienna. A trunk line such as that would allow easier deployments of troops in the European part of the Empire and would open up many new trade opportunities with western Europe. However, the railway would also bring Austrian influence into the Balkans.



____________.
 


The decision for a railway was finalized and Abdülaziz awarded a concession to Van der Elst and Cie, a Belgian construction company, on 31 May 1868, with the help of André Langrand-Dumonceau. Langrand-Dumonceau quickly took over the concession from Van der Elst and started the works himself. However. he ran into financial difficulties and could not continue construction of the line, so the Sultanate cancelled the concession on 12 April 1869. The concession was then given to Maurice de Hirsch, a German financier, to build the line. Hirsch had partnered with Dumonceau in the past on several railway works. The charter included a main line from Constantinople to the Austrian border at Dobrljin via Edirne, which would connect to the Austrian Southern Railway. This route was chosen over a more direct route through Belgrade in order to avoid building the line through Serbia, which was semi-independent. Austro-Hungary also was in favor of this route to increase their influence over Bosnia. This charter also included the construction of branch lines to Burgaz, Selanik and Dedeağaç. Hirsch then founded the Imperial Turkish European Railway, headquartered in Paris, to build the line in 1869. The company hired Wilhelm von Pressel, from the Austrian Southern Railway, to be the chief engineer of the project. In January 1870, construction started simultaneously in Constantinople, Dedeağaç, Selanik and Dobrljin. Operation of the line was to be given to the Austrian Southern Railway; but since negotiations failed, Hirsch founded the Oriental Railway (Chemins de fer Orientaux), also headquartered in Paris, to operate the line.

Achmet Pasha Reconnoitring Knjaevac, antique print, 1876. (L)
 

 

Construction

Construction (W)


Rumeli Demiryolu (Eisebunn) Dedeağaç İstasyonu.
 
   

Construction of the line was well underway by 1871. Following a government change the same year, the new Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha started to renegotiate the concession to reduce the budget of constructing the line because of the Empire's growing financial problems. The new concession no longer had completion to Vienna as a priority and was signed on 18 May 1872. Under the new agreement, Hirsch would continue to manage ongoing construction, but the Ottoman government would supervise in building new lines. The CO had completed over 1,300 km (810 mi) of railway, consisting of three main lines by 1874. These lines were not yet connected with each other, but the CO had started service on them. The longest and most important of these lines were Constantinople to Belovo via Edirne and Filibe, with branches to Dedeağaç and Yambol. The other two were from Selanik to Mitroviça and Dobrljin to Banja Luka. The Dobrljin-Banja Luka line wasn't connected with the Austrian network yet so revenue on the line was low. The line later became a liability for the CO and was abandoned in 1876, until it was connected to the Austrian network.

Further construction slowed down during the Ottoman financial crisis of 1875, where most of the Empire faced a large famine. This led to several uprisings in the Balkans, the most notable being the April Uprising, which triggered a large war in the region, which halted all railway works. Many of the workers were drafted and fought against a large coalition army led by the Russian Empire. The Constantinople-Filibe line played an important role in transporting goods and soldiers to the frontier. However, the Ottoman army was heavily outnumbered as the Russian/Romanian/Bulgarian armies pushed from the north. The coalition forces captured much of the main line west of Edirne by the end of 1877 and once Filibe was captured, along with its large railway depot, in January 1878, the Ottomans looked for peace. The Congress of Berlin restored peace to the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire granted full independence to Romania, Serbia and Montenegro while Bosnia and Herzegovina would be occupied by Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria would become a self-governing vassal state of the Empire under Russian influence.

The future of the CO was also decided in the Berlin congress. Due to the railway falling into multiple countries, the congress had the CO put under a special committee with delegates from Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire to oversee the railway. This committee was dubbed the Quadruple Committee by Berlin. Hirsch then moved the headquarters of the CO from Paris to Vienna in 1878. The newly established Kingdom of Serbia, under Austrian influence, looked to build a railway in its territory regardless to the Constantinople-Vienna railway. In 1881, King Milan awarded a concession to Paul Eugene Bontoux, a French entrepreneur, to construct a railway from Belgrade to Vranje via Nis. However his Catholic company General Union went bankrupt in April 1881. The concession was then split between German and French banks, which formed the Serbian National Railways. The Quadruple Committee finally met, after much delay, in Vienna in December 1882. After much negotiation, the committee signed an agreement on 9 May 1883. This new agreement changed the main line from its former southern route to a direct route through Serbia, something the Ottomans wished to avoid since the 1860s. This new route would continue from Belovo to Sofia and connect to the Serbian National Railways (SDZ) at Nis and a branch line would be built to connect Skopje to Nis. Once complete, the SDZ would have full ownership of the railway between Nis and Belgrade but operation of the line would be done by the CO via trackage rights. With all disputes settled, construction could finally continue. The SDZ completed the Belgrade–Nis railway on 15 September 1884, which was under construction since 1881. The SDZ also connected to the Austrian railways north of Belgrade the same year. The CO continued construction west of Belovo but construction was halted again, when Bulgaria violated the Berlin protocol and moved in to occupy Eastern Rumelia in 1885. This forced a new agreement where Bulgaria would own and operate tracks within its territory, while the CO would be permitted trackage rights. Meanwhile, the SDZ extended the railway from Nis to Leskovac on March 18 and to Vranje on 13 September 1886. The CO completed the southern part of the Nis–Skopje line, connecting to the SDZ at Vranje on 25 May 1888. With this, Selanik was connected to the rest of the system. The newly formed Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ) completed the Belovo–Sofia line on 1 August and connected it to the SDZ at Dragoman on 8 August 1888.

 

Opening and operation

Opening and operation (W)

The full Constantinople-Vienna main line was opened on 12 August 1888. The CO, along with the Hungarian State Railways and the Bulgarian State Railways - BDZ, inaugurated the first train from İstanbul to Vienna. One of the most famous trains in history, the Orient Express, started her first run from Paris to İstanbul on 1 June 1889. This train was operated by CIWL, an international hotel and logistics company. A railway terminus on the European side of İstanbul, İstanbul Sirkeci Terminal, which was under construction since February 1888, was opened on 3 November 1890.
 

Chemins de fer Orientaux, 1888.
 

 

Locomotives

Locomotives (W)

The Oriental Railway only had steam locomotives. Its main suppliers were Austrian, German, French and Belgian manufacturers.

Locomotives with tenders were numbered 0 to 300, tank locomotives with tender were numbered 301 to 500. Locomotives transferred from the Thessaloniki - Monastir received separate numbers in the 500 to 600 range . The reason is no longer known. Finally the 3 Mallet locomotives were numbered 601 to 603.

Oriental Railway locomotives were taken over by the various national railways that also overtook the network. Some locomotives went to the CFFH before going th either SEK or TCDD.

Several locomotives of the Oriental Railway have been preserved. The former Locomotive 407 built in 1874 and taken over by the TCDD under the number 2251 in 1937, stands as a memorial locomotive in front of Istanbul Sirkeci Station. Until 1965 she was still used by the TCDD, most recently in Adana, she was thus over 90 years in use. A 1912 locomotive supplied by Maffei with the CO number 338 is now in the Railway Museum Çamlik with TCDD 3558 number. Another locomotive of this series is monument locomotive at Amasya station. The TCDD 33508 is a monument locomotive in Sivas.

 

 




 


İdea Yayınevi Site Haritası | İdea Yayınevi Tüm Yayınlar
© Aziz Yardımlı 2019-2020 | aziz@ideayayınevi.com